Bioresources and Bioprocessing

Table 1 XPS quantitative analysis of the surfaces of CSAC, CMC-CSAC, and spent CMC-CSAC. CMC-CSAC was prepared by grafting CSAC with 2% CMC and 20% CA at different times

From: Metal ion removal using a low-cost coconut shell activated carbon bioadsorbent in the recovery of lactic acid from the fermentation broth

Grafting time (h)	Elemental, %	Deconvolution, %
	Elemental, %	C 1s				Ca 2p
	Graphitic carbon	CO	COO	COOR	Ca₂C	Ca₂C	CaO
8	42.77	39.08	18.15	ND	ND	ND	ND
16	35.35	37.38	27.28	ND	ND	ND	ND
24	26.49	58.96	8.62	5.94	ND	ND	ND
32	24.03	55.23	4.05	16.69	ND	ND	ND
48	43.26	33.87	12.68	10.19	ND	ND	ND
Raw CSAC	77.80	14.18	8.20	ND	ND	ND	ND
Spent CMC-CSAC	54.63	16.46	6.11	ND	22.81	27.37	72.63

ND not detected

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