Metal ion removal using a low-cost coconut shell activated carbon bioadsorbent in the recovery of lactic acid from the fermentation broth

Bioresources and Bioprocessing

Table 3 Isotherm model parameters obtained from linear fitting of adsorption kinetics of free lactic acid, calcium, and lactate onto CMC-CSAC

Components	Free lactic acid	Calcium	Lactate
Freundlich isotherm
K_F (L^1/nmg^1−1/n/g)	0.0691	0.0788	0.2193
n	1.7126	1.7337	1.7797
1/n	0.5839	0.5768	0.5619
R²	0.9603	0.9669	0.9951
Langmuir isotherm
Q_m (mg/g)	15.1515	1.0389	10.1729
K_L (L/mg)	0.0005	0.0181	0.0011
R²	0.9910	0.9626	0.9898
R_L	0.1890–0.8870	0.0056–0.2078	0.0226–0.5193
Temkin isotherm
A (L/mg)	0.0087	0.0100	0.0024
b (J/mol)	1079.0027	1003.6710	183.1178
R²	0.9954	0.9387	0.9095