The potential GHGs reduction of co-processing aviation biofuel in life cycle

Bioresources and Bioprocessing

Table 2 The inventory in whole life cycle

Feedstock stage	Feedstock	Energy		Material				Further information
Feedstock stage	Feedstock	Electricity kwh/t	Diesel kg/t	N g/kg	P₂O₅ g/kg	K₂O g/kg	Pesticides/herbicide g/kg	Lipid content, %	Release N₂O kg/kgN
Cultivation	Bean	44.3–77.9	4.4–13.9	2.99	1.5	3.29	0.2–0.3	17%	0.047
	Rapeseed	44.3–77.9	4.4–13.9	29.0	12.5	21.5	0.2–0.3	35%	0.4557
	Peanut	44.3–77.9	4.4–13.9	34	6.5	19.0	0.2–0.3	40%	0.5343
	Corn	44.3–77.9	4.4–13.9	11.8	0.57	0.37	0.2–0.3	8%	0.2719
	Jatropha (Hou et al. 2011; Liu and Qiu 2019)	1.5–1.7	3.2–3.6	19.4	5.4	3.6	0.1–0.3	30%	0.3049
	Xanthoceras sorbifolia (Li et al. 2012; Yao et al. 2013)	1.0–1.3	2.1–2.6	27	7.5	33	0.1–0.3	35%	0.4243
	Algae	2100–2500		16.5	27.5	–	0.2–0.4	40%	0.2593
Harvesting and storage	Bean, rapeseed, peanut, corn	7–22	0.5–2.4
	algae (powder) (Liu et al. 2020)	55–70	14.8 Heat MJ/kg
	Algae (powder-solar energy dry) (Liu et al. 2022)	55–72
	Algae (slurry)	55–68
Transportation	25–50 km kg/(t km)		0.02					Seed (bean, rapeseed, peanut, corn), algae (powder or slurry), used cooking oil

Fuel stage		Electricity	Heat (steam)	H₂ g/g_{Jet fuel}	CH₃OH	Hexane (lost)	Catalyst	Fossil fuel
Pretreatment
Purification	Used cooking oil (Goh et al. 2020)	0.25 MJ/kg_oil	0.74 MJ/kg_oil		0.15 kg/kg_lipid
Extraction/methyl ester	Seed for FAME	0.6 MJ/kg_seed	0.922 MJ/kg_seed		0.15 kg/kg_lipid	1.72 g/kg_lipid
	Algae (Zhang et al. 2018)	0.65 MJ/kg_algae	2.73 MJ/kg_algae		0.15 kg/kg_lipid
	HTL biocrude (Tang et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2016; Sheng et al. 2018)	0.14 MJ/kg_algae	0.927 MJ/kg_algae
Hydrotreating/hydrocracking	FAME (Nie et al. 2014; Wang et al. 2017; Shi et al. 2018)	7.92 MJ/kg_{jet fuel}		0.061			1.23 MJ/kg_{jet fuel}
	Biocrude (HTL) (Zhao et al. 2016, 2017)	7.92 MJ/kg_{jet fuel}		0.039			1.25 MJ/kg_{jet fuel}
	Co-processing (Bezergianni et al. 2014; Why et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2021)	0.396 MJ/kg_{jet fuel}					1.20 MJ/kg_{jet fuel}	0.16 MJ/kg_{jet fuel}
	Petroleum (Ou et al. 2010; Liu et al. 2023)	0.026 MJ/kg_{jet fue}					1.20 MJ/kg_{jet fuel}	3.12 MJ/kg_{jet fuel}

Flight stage	Test (ZF 850)		Aircraft-single aisle (simulation)		Aircraft-small twin aisle, large twin aisle, large quad (simulation)		Aircraft-regional jet, business jet (simulation)
5% Blend/RP-3	LTO	Cruise	LTO	Cruise	LTO	Cruise	LTO	Cruise
CH₄	0.579	0.238	0.579	0.238	0.796	0.327	0.525	0.216
N₂O	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
CO₂	0.999	0.999	0.999	0.999	0.999	0.999	0.999	0.999
UHC	0.579	0.238	0.579	0.238	0.796	0.327	0.525	0.216
CO	0.949	1.02	0.949	1.02	1.13	1.22	0.807	0.867
PM	0.209	0.253	0.209	0.253	0.042	0.051	0.057	0.299
SOx	0.949	0.949	0.949	0.949	0.949	0.949	0.949	0.949
NO_x	1.08	1.09	1.08	1.09	1.05	1.06	1.18	1.19