Table 2 Some examples of catalytic hydrogenation of HMF to FDM over noble metal catalysts in the presence of H2
Catalyst | H2 pressure (bar) | Solvent | T (oC) | t (h) | Conversion of HMF (%) | FDM yield (mol%) | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1%Ir/SiO2 | 10 | THF | 60 | 5 | 60 | 60 | (Chimentao et al. 2019) |
1%Ir/SiO2(Cl) | 10 | THF | 60 | 5 | 97 | 97 | (Chimentao et al. 2019) |
10%Pd/C | ca.1 | 1,4-Dioxane | 60 | 12.3 | 90 | 79.9 | (Luijkx et al. 2009) |
2.0%Pd/CSCNT-AC | 34 | Water | 110 | 2 | 75 | 63.8 | (Silva et al. 2021) |
Pt/MCM-41 | 8 | Water | 35 | 2 | 100 | 98.9 | (Chatterjee et al. 2014) |
0.1% Pt/CeO2–ZrO2 | 10 | Ethanol | 170 | 2 | 70 | 70 | (Vikanova et al. 2021) |
0.1% Pt/CeO2–ZrO2 | 10 | Ethanol | 170 | 8 | 97 | 97 | (Vikanova et al. 2021) |
Pt/MgO | 20 | Isopropanol | 120 | 1 | 84 | 83 | (Wang et al. 2022a) |
Pt/TiO2 | 20 | Isopropanol | 120 | 1 | 28 | 7.8 | (Wang et al. 2022a) |
Pt/MgO | 20 | Isopropanol | 150 | 1 | 99 | 98 | (Wang et al. 2022a) |
Pt@Y | 20 | Water | 80 | 4 | 100 | 100 | (Chen et al. 2020) |
Au/Al2O3 | 65 | Water | 120 | 2 | – |  > 96 | (Ohyama et al. 2013) |