Table 3 Some examples of catalytic hydrogenation of HMF to FDM over non-noble metal catalysts in the presence of H2
Catalyst | H2 (bar) | Solvent | T (oC) | t (h) | Conversion of HMF (%) | FDM yield (mol %) | Refs. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Co@C | 10 | Methanol | 110 | 2 | 97 | 96 | (Arias et al. 2020) |
Co–NPs@SiO2 | 15 | Methanol | 70 | 16 | – | 95 | (Chandrashekhar et al. 2022) |
Co–NC | 50 | Solvent-free | 90 | 3 | 99.3 | 91.5 | (Wang et al. 2022c) |
Cu0.59Mg2.34Al1.00 | 50 | Ethanol | 100 | 3 | 100 | 99 | (Kumalaputri et al. 2014) |
Cu/MgAlOx | 10 | 1,4-Dioxane | 180 | 5 | 97.3 | 92.7 | (Wang et al. 2020) |
CuZn | 70 | Ethanol | 120 | 3 |  > 99 | 95 | (Bottari et al. 2015) |
Cu–ZnO | 15 | 1,4-Dioxane | 100 | 2 | 100 | 99.1 | (Zhu et al. 2015) |
20 mol% Cu–Al2O3 | 30 | Methanol | 130 | 1 |  > 99 | 93 | (Rao et al. 2021) |
CuNPs@ZIF-8 | 20 | Ethanol | 140 | 3 |  > 99 | 99 | (Feng et al. 2019) |
CFP-300 | 20 | Ethanol | 120 | 4 | 100 | 99.4 | (Bao et al. 2022) |
10%–Ni/HC | 15 | 1,4-Dioxane | 160 | 24 | 93.6 | 88 | (Zhang et al. 2020) |
15 wt % Ni/CNTs | 5 | THF | 120 | 3 | 99.8 | 94.8 | (Huang et al. 2022) |
10Ni/SiO2 | 40 | n-Butanol | 180 | 6 | 100 | 99 | (Ojagh et al. 2021) |
Ni2–Fe1/CNTs | 30 | n-Butanol | 110 | 18 | 100 | 96.1 | (Yu et al. 2015) |
Cu0.24–Fe0.76@C | 10 | Methanol | 110 | 4 | 94 | 93 | (Arias et al. 2021) |