Table 5 Some examples of one-pot production of FDM from hexose

Fructose

The 1st step: 20 mmol fructose, 1 mL DMSO + 10 mL THF, 2 mol formic acid, 150 °C, 5 h

The 2nd step: 2 mmol triethylamine, 0.1 mmol iridium catalyst, 40  C, 5 min, stirred. Then, a solution of formic acid (0.88 mL, 20 mmol) in THF (20 mL) was added using a syringe pump (flow rate = 2.5 mL h^–1)

71 (isolated)

(Thananatthanachon and Rauchfuss 2010)

Fructose

The 1st step: 1 mmol fructose, 0.5 g [BMIm]Cl, 130 °C, 20 min

The 2nd step: 35 mL cool water, 50 mg 5% Ir/TiO₂, 60 bar H₂, 50 °C, 3 h

71

(Cai et al. 2014)

Fructose

The 1st step: 15 g fructose, 1.0 g Amberlyst-15, 85 g n-butanol, 100 °C, 5 h

The 2nd step: 50 g HMF feed from the fructose dehydration, 0.5 g reduced Cu(50)–SiO₂, 15 bar H₂, 100 °C, 5 h

92

(Upare et al. 2018)

Fructose

WHSV (fructose) = 0.02 h^–1, H₂ = 15 mL/min, 1 bar, 4 g HY zeolite and 5 g CuO/ZnO/Al₂O₃, 140 °C; fructose/water/γ-butyrolactone, w/w/w, 3/15/82

48.2

(Xiang et al. 2016)

Fructose

30 mg fructose, 20 mg Co–NC, n_{formic acid}/n_fructose = 15, 3.5 mL water–1,4-dioxane solvent (3/7), 5 bar N₂, 170 °C, 3 h, 500 rpm

62

(Xu et al. 2022b)

Glucose

30 mg glucose, 20 mg Co–NC, 5 mg NiCl₂, n_{formic acid}/n_fructose = 20, 3.5 mL water-1,4-dioxane solvent (3/7), 5 bar N₂, 160 °C, 6 h, 500 rpm

60

(Xu et al. 2022a)