Fig. 4

Protein scaffold for enzyme assembly. A Preparation of biosensing module capable of detecting the model antigen ovalbumin with SpyTagged Nanoluciferase and SpyTagged protein G using SpyCatcher polymer (Jia et al. 2017). B Preparation of the oil synthesis with TLL–CvFAP (Zhong et al., 2022a). C Regenerating NADPH with a special structure and excellent catalytic activity with CpCR–SpyCatcher–SpyTag–GDH (Wang et al. 2023a, b). D Assembly of the TIM, ALD, and FBP fused dockerin in the mini-scaffoldin (You, 2012). E Generating bioelectricity from cellodextrin with CDP–PGM enzyme complex (Meng et al. 2019). F Preparation a starch-oxidizing bioanode based on displaying a sequential enzyme system of GA–GDH on E. coli cell surfaces in a precise way using cohesin–dockerin interactions (Cai et al. 2022). G Synthetic scaffolds built from modular protein–protein interaction domains (Dueber et al. 2009). H Increased the production efficiency of GABA with the protein–protein interaction domain of GBD, SH3, and PDZ scaffold architecture (Pham et al. 2016)