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Bioresources and Bioprocessing

Table 5 XPS data of fresh CeZrO2–CA and used CeZrO2–CA samples

From: Ce–Zr-based mixed oxide catalyst for oxidative depolymerization of kenaf stalk (biomass) into vanillin

Catalysts

Ce4+/(Ce4+  + Ce3+)

Oα/(Oα + Oβ)

Fresh CeZrO2–CA

68.9%

51.2%

Used CeZrO2–CA

63.7%

48.7%

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