Table 1 Comparison of advancements in SWCs measurements
From: AI and machine learning for soil analysis: an assessment of sustainable agricultural practices
Technique | Principle | Advantage | Disadvantage | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Gravimetric method (GM) | Soil collection and analysis | ✓ Absolute results | ✓ Non-calibrated ✓ Destructive | Lal and Shukla (2004) |
Neutron method (NM) | High energy neutrons | ✓ Real time ✓ Non-destructive | ✓ High radiation ✓ Considers only elastic collisions | GarcÃa-Gamero et al. (2022) |
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) | Electro-magnetic Waves | ✓ Non-destructive High resolution | ✓ Complex ✓ Expensive ✓ Requires calibration | Karimi et al. (2020) |
Capacitance method (CM) | Resistance and capacitance sensors | ✓ Relatively inexpensive ✓ Automated | ✓ Difficult installation ✓ Results affected by soil types | Bünemann et al. (2018) |