Table 1 Bioactive components present in some different fruit by-products

Mango

(Mangifera indica)

Peel

- Anthocyanins (mg/g DW): 0.03 to 0.39

- Carotenoids (mg β-carotene eq/g): 1.22 to 2.01

- Phenolics (mg GAE/g): 46.41 to 133.71

Antioxidant and anti-proliferative activity

Drug Carrier, Edible coating

(Mugwagwa and Chimphango 2019)

Peel

- Total dietary fiber (%): 6.5 to 20.7

- Phenolics (mg GAE/g): 540 to 4500

- Carotenoids (mg/g DW): 17 to 247

Antioxidant Activity

Soft dough biscuit

(Ajila et al. 2008)

Peel

Total phenolic content (mg GAE/100 gm): 220.33 to 757.8

Antioxidant Activity

Bread,

(Pathak et al. 2016)

Peel

Carotenoids (µg/g DW): 4.64 to 84

Antioxidant Activity

Macaroni

(Ajila et al. 2010)

Kernel

- Total phenolic content (mg GAE/100 gm DW): 72.1

- Total dietary fiber (g/100 g extract DW): 3.2

Antioxidant Activity

-

(Mutua et al. 2016)

Pomegranate (Punica granatum)

Peel

- Total Phenols (mg GAE/g DW): 1.17 to 10.59

- Total Flavonoids (mg QE/g dw): 0.54 to 7.19

Antioxidant activity

Cod Stick

(Panza et al. 2021)

Banana

(Musa acuminata)

Peel

- Dietary fiber (%): 13.26 to 36.74

- Total Phenolics: 3.21 to 5.28 mg GAE

- Insoluble dietary fiber (%): 8.43 to 26.87

- Soluble Dietary fiber (%):4.83 to 9.78

Antioxidant activity

Cookies

(Arun et al. 2015)

Phenolics (mg GAE/kg yogurt): 244.85 to 522.65

Antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity

Yogurt

(Kabir et al. 2021)

Guava (Psidium guajava)

Seeds, skin, and pulp leftovers

- Phenolics (mg/g DW): 0.12

- β-carotene (μg/g DM): 7.91 to 56.07

- TDF (g/100 g extract DW): 89.8

Antioxidant activity

Fermented milk, cupcakes

(Casarotti et al. 2018)

Papaya

(Carica papaya)

Peel

- Total Phenolics (mg GAE/g DW): 12.27 to 36.82

- Total flavonoids (mg QE/g DM): 0.60 to 0.91

Antioxidant and antidiabetic activity

–

(Islam et al. 2021)

Seed

- Total Phenolics (mg GAE/g DW): 6.81 to 20.41

- Total flavonoid content (mg QE/g DM): 0.59 to 1.05

Antioxidant and antidiabetic activity

–

(Islam et al. 2021)

Pineapple

(Ananas comosus)

Peel

- Phenolics (mg GAE/g DM): 15.69 to 26.84

- Flavonoid (mg QE/g DM): 1.56 to 2.68

Antioxidant and antidiabetic activity

(Islam et al. 2021)

Citrus fruits

(Citrus spp.)

Seed

- Phenolics (mg GAE/g DW): 0.68 to 2.11

- Flavonoids (mg CE/g DW): 1.31 to 2.52

- Tannins (mg CE/g DW) 0.12 to 0.37

Cytotoxic activity and antioxidant activity

–

(Castillo-herrera et al. 2015)

Grape

(Vitis vinifera)

Peel

- Total anthocyanin content (mg malvin chloride/g DW): 107 to 741.9

- Total phenol content (mg GAE/g DW): 177.1 to 254.6

–

Muffins

(Mildner-szkudlarz et al. (2016)