Table 2 Example of potential contaminants found in FBPs
Contaminants | Type | By-products | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Pesticides | Imidacloprid, Carbendazim, Abamectin, Cypermethrin, Prochloraz | Orange by-products | (Li et al. 2012) |
Thiram, Chlorpyrifos, Methyl parathion | Apple, grape, pear, mango, and peach fruit peel | (Liu et al. 2012) | |
| Â | Thiabendazole, Carbaryl | Mango peel extract | (Teixeira and Poppi 2020) |
| Â | Cyprodinil, Diethomorph, Famoxadone, Dimetoathe, Diazinon | Grape skin extract | (Moncalvo et al. 2016) |
Mycotoxin | Alternariol, Alternariol monomethyl ether, Tentoxin, Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A | Berry FBPs | (Juan et al. 2017) |
| Â | Fumonisin B1 | Orange peel | (Rasheed et al. 2020) |
| Â | Ochratoxin A | Grape skin extract | (Moncalvo et al. 2016) |
|  | Tryptoquialanines A, Tryptoquialanines C | Orange peel | (de Vilhena Araújo et al. 2019) |
Ant-nutritional contaminants | Saponins, Alkaloids, Tannins, Phytates, Oxalates | Rambutan FBPs | (Mahmood et al. 2018) |
| Â | Saponins, Oxalates, Phytates, Tannins | Melon by-products | (Silva et al. 2020) |
Microbial contaminants | Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacilli | Banana, guava, mango, papaya, passion fruit peel | (Cruz et al. 2019) |
Heavy metals | Lead, Cadmium | Orange, pomelo, mandarin, lemon, grapefruit peel | (Czech et al. 2021) |
| Â | Cadmium, Lead | Grape skin extract | (Moncalvo et al. 2016) |
| Â | Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Lead, Zinc, Nickel, Manganese | Orange, yellow lemon, banana peel | (Saleem and Saeed 2020) |
| Â | Copper, Zinc, Cadmium, Aluminum | Sweet orange fruit peel | (Dhiman et al. 2011) |
Biogenic amines | Ethanolamine, Ethylamine, Putrescine, Cadaverine | Grape skin powder and extract | (Moncalvo et al. 2016) |