Table 4 Preparation and application of lotus-based biochar
Carbon source | Preparation parameter | Application | Efficiency | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Lotus pod | Carbonization temperature: 800 ºC; Holding time: 2 h; Atmosphere: argon gas | Energy storage | Specific capacitance of 160 F/g in a three-electrode system | Atchudan et al. (2022a) |
Lotus pod | Carbonization temperature: 800 ºC; Holding time: 2 h; Atmosphere: argon gas | Clean energy harvesting | Overpotential of 111 mV with the Tafel slope of 69 mV/dec | Atchudan et al. (2022b) |
Lotus pod | Carbonization temperature: 600 ºC; Holding time: 2.5 h; Atmosphere: argon gas | Cadmium (II) adsorption | Adsorption capacity of 51.18 mg/g for cadmium (II) | Chen et al. (2018) |
Lotus pod | Carbonization temperature: 1200 ºC; Holding time: 2 h; Atmosphere: argon gas | Anode-active material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) | An optimized reversible capacity of 328.8 mAh/g | Wu et al. (2019) |
Lotus pod | Co-pyrolysis with magnesite; Pyrolysis temperature: 700 ºC; Holding time: 2 h; Atmosphere: nitrogen gas; | Phosphorus adsorption | Adsorption capacity of 523.91 mg/g for phosphorus | Fang et al. (2022) |
Lotus pod | Carbonization temperature: 600 ºC; Holding time: 1 h; Atmosphere: argon gas | Electrode material for supercapacitors | Specific capacitance of 165 F/g | Pu et al. (2015) |
Lotus pod | Carbonization temperature: 650 ºC; Holding time: 2 h; Atmosphere: nitrogen gas | CO2 capture | CO2 uptake of 6.20 mmol/g at 0 ºC and a bar | Xie et al. (2022) |
Lotus leaf | Carbonization temperature: 1000 ºC; Holding time: 2 h; Atmosphere: argon gas | Interlayer for lithium sulfur batteries | Discharge capacity of 442 mA h/g | Wang et al. (2023) |
Lotus leaf | Carbonization temperature: 800 ºC; Holding time: 2 h; Atmosphere: nitrogen gas | Anodes for sodium ion batteries | Discharge capacity of 250 mA h/g | Wang and Su (2021) |
Lotus leaf | Carbonization temperature: 800 ºC; Holding time: 2 h; Atmosphere: argon gas | Medium for solar-driven steam generation | Water evaporation rate of 1.30 kg/m2 h and a solar-vapor conversion efficiency of 77.5% | Guo et al. (2020) |
Lotus pollen | Carbonization temperature: 800 ºC; Holding time: 2 h; Atmosphere: nitrogen gas | Reactive Black 5 adsorption | Adsorption capacity of 615.6 mg/g for Reactive Black 5 | Ye et al. (2022) |
Lotus stamens | Carbonization temperature: 800 ºC; Holding time: 2 h; Atmosphere: nitrogen gas | Electrode material for supercapacitors | Specific capacitance of 322.8 F/g | Chen et al. (2021c) |
Lotus stem | Carbonization temperature: 800 ºC; Holding time: 1 h; Atmosphere: nitrogen gas | CO2 capture | CO2 uptake of 6.17 mmol/g at 0 ºC and 1 bar | Wu et al. (2018b) |