Table 5 Literature research on the sorption of phosphate ions by various biosorbents

Banana straw

Modified with MgCl₂,

430 °C for 4 h

C_s 5 g/L

C₀ 250 mg/L*

C₀ 20–350 mg/L**

pH (established, not reported)

4 h

41.3

49.3

31.2

Jiang et al. (2019)

Cassava straw

13.3

15.3

31.1

Chinese fir straw

11.9

12.6

6.77

Corn straw

10.2

10.1

12.3

Taro straw

13.5

14.2

14.4

Camellia oleifera shell

6.92

7.46

17.0

Broussonetia papyrifera leaves

500 °C for 2 h

C_s 5 g/L

C₀ 50 mg/L*

C₀ 0–80 mg/L**

pH 7.0

4 h

6.68

7.61

35.6 (for 25 °C)

Qiu et al. (2019)

Corn straw

Modified with Fe(NO₃)₃9H₂O, 600 °C for 2 h

C_s 2 g/L

C₀ 35 mg/L*

C₀ 17.5–1400 mg/L**

pH 5.28

192 h

10.3

10.9

57.4

Zhang et al. (2021)

Wheat straw

Modified with MgCl₂–AlCl₃, 600 °C for 2 h

C_s 7 g/L

C₀ 100 mg/L*

C₀ 0–2000 mg/L**

pH 6.0

24 h

13.1

13.6

153

Zheng et al. (2020)

Modified with MgCl₂, 600 °C for 2 h

2.86

3.63

9.64

Modified with AlCl₃, 600 °C for 2 h

8.70

8.98

82.8

600 °C for 2 h

1.46

1.58

1.64

Rice straw

700 °C for 2 h

C_s 10 g/L

C₀ 20 mg/L*

C₀ 0–320 mg/L**

pH 7.0

24 h

0.998

1.79

5.41

Zhou et al. (2019)

Phragmites communis

300 °C for 2 h

0.430

0.084

7.75

Sawdust

300 °C for 2 h

0.100

0.024

3.86

Egg shell

300 °C for 2 h

1.88

0.827

4.54

500 °C for 2 h

2.03

1.51

4.92

700 °C for 2 h

1.53

1.03

6.08

Raw sludge

Modified with Fenton reagent (110 mg Fe(II)/g and 88 mg H₂O₂/g), 300 °C for 2 h

C_s 15 g/L

C₀ 46 mg/L*

C₀ 23–161 mg/L**

pH 7.0

52 h

1.94

2.97

2.64

Wang et al. (2020a, b)

Carrot residues

Modified with MgCl₂H₂O, 400 °C for 4 h

C_s 0.5 g/L

C₀ 30 mg/L*

C₀ 25–350 mg/L**

pH 8.0

36 h

30

16

138

Pinto et al. (2019)

Seaweed Ulva intestinalis

Modified with MgCl₂6H₂O, 700 °C for 1 h

C_s 1 g/L

C₀ 100 mg/L*

C₀ 5–100 mg/L**

pH 5.0

4 h

4.70

5.24

5.92

This work