Table 1 Bioproducts produced by microbiological transformation of crude glycerol
From: Conversion of residues and by-products from the biodiesel industry into value-added products
Product | Microorganism | Initial glycerol | Yield | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Biosurfactants | Bacillus sp. | 2 % (v/v) | – | (Sousa et al. 2012) |
Polyhydroxybutyrate | Mixed microbial consortia | 10 % (v/v) | – | (Dobroth et al. 2011) |
1,3-Propanediol | Klebsiella pneumoniae | 10Â % (v/v) | 0.41Â mol/mol | (Rossi et al. 2012) |
Docosahexaenoic acid | Schizochytrium limacinum | 90Â g/L | 1.74Â g/L | (Ethier et al. 2011) |
Ethanol | Enterobacter aerogenes | 80Â mM | 0.96Â mol/mol | (Ito et al. 2005) |
Oxalic acid | Aspergillus niger NRRL Aspergillus niger LFMB | 60 g/L 60 g/L | 0.55 g/g 0.61 g/g | (André et al. 2010) |
Animal feed | Rhizopus microsporus | 75Â % | 0.83Â g/g | (Nitayavardhana and Khanal 2011) |
Docosahexaenoic acid | Schizochytrium limacinum | 75–100 g/L | 4.91 g/L | (Chi et al. 2007) |
1,3-Propanediol | P. agglomerans, C. freundii | 60Â g/L 20Â g/L | 0.56Â g/g 0.68Â g/g | (Casali et al. 2012) |
Poly 3-hydroxybutyrate bioethanol | Escherichia coli | 30Â g/L | 0.8Â g 30.2Â % | (Shah et al. 2014) |
1,3-Propanodiol (1,3-PD) | C. butyricum | 80 g/L | 2.75 g/L/h | (Szymanowska-Powałowska and Leja 2014) |
Lipids | Chlorella protothecoides | 30.55 wt% | 2.07Â g/L/h | (Feng et al. 2014) |
Polyhydroxyalkanoates | Mixed microbial cultures | 30Â mg/L | 0.27Â g/L/d | (Moita et al. 2014) |
p-Hydroxybenzoate | Pseudomonas putida S12 | 18.4Â g/L | 6.0Â g/L | (Verhoef et al. 2014) |
l-Glutamate l-Lysine l-Ornithine l-Arginine Putrescine | Corynebacterium glutamicum | 20Â g/L | 0.026Â g/g 0.08Â g/g 0.12Â g/g 0.03Â g/g 0.03Â g/g | (Meiswinkel et al. 2013) |
Dihydroxyacetone | Gluconobacter frateurii | 15Â g/L | 125.8Â g/L | (Liu et al. 2013b) |
Free fatty acids | Escherichia coli | 10Â g/L | 231Â mg/g | (Lee et al. 2014) |
1,3-Propanediol | Lactobacillus diolivorans | 10 g/L | 0.36 g/L/h | (Pflügl et al. 2014) |
Biomass | Yarrowia lipolytica | 25Â g/L | 12.3Â g/L | (Juszczyk et al. 2013) |
1,3-Propanediol | Mixed microbial consortia | 7 g/L | 0.65 mol/mol g | (Liu et al. 2013a) |
1,3-Propanediol | Citrobacter freundii | 176Â g/L | 66.3Â g/L | (Metsoviti et al. 2013) |
Fumaric acid | Rhizopus arrhizus | 80Â g/L | 4.37Â g/L | (Zhou et al. 2014) |
n-Butanol | Clostridium pasteurianum | 10Â g/L | 0.35Â g/g | (Khanna et al. 2013) |
Organic acids Trehalose | Propionibacterium freudenreichii | 20Â g/L | 0.42Â g/g 0.90Â mg/g | (Ruhal and Choudhury 2012) |
Lipids | Rhodotorula glutinis | 30Â g/L | 5.40Â g/L | (Yen et al. 2012) |