Fig. 4

Metabolic flux distributions simulated by non-optimized ACHR method under anaerobic conditions. The arrow refers to the flow direction, while the purple abbreviations refer to the reaction names. Each histogram denotes a reaction, which represents the probability distributions of the values of reaction. Therein, the colors of the lines in each histogram indicate different strains: black, green, red, and blue indicate the wild-type E. coli, ldhA mutant, pflB mutant, and NZN111, respectively