Table 2 Comparison of fibre size and crystallinity index (CI) of cellulose fibre isolated from different sources and isolation treatments
From: Biofibres from biofuel industrial byproduct—Pongamia pinnata seed hull
S. no | Source | Size (diameter) of cellulose fibres as observed under SEM | Crystallinity index (CI) isolated cellulose fibre (%) | Increase in crystallinity (%) | Treatment | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Resak’s hardwood waste | 7–12 (μm) | 68.1 | 37.33 | Alkaline and acid hydrolysis | (Abidin et al. 2015) |
2 | Corn husk | 5–8 (nm) | 63.3 | 46.5 | Alkaline, TEMPO oxidation, and homogenization | (Du et al. 2016) |
3 | Arecanut husk fibre | 3–5 (nm) | 73 | 97 | Alkaline, acid hydrolysis, Bleaching (Chlorination), homogenization | (Julie et al. 2016) |
4 | Moso bamboo culms | 0.5–1 (μm) | 65.32 | 28.87 | Microwave liquefaction, bleaching (Chlorination), Alkaline, homogenization and ultrasonication | (Xie et al. 2016) |
5 | Gigantochloa scortechinii bamboo culms | 5.29–10.94 (nm) | 65.32 | 36.33 | Acid hydrolysis, homogenization, sonication | (Saurabh et al. 2016) |
6 | Sugarcane bagasse | <20 (μm) | – | – | Steam explosion, enzymatic treatment | (Saelee et al. 2014) |
7 | Mengkuang leaves | 5–80 (μm) | 69.5 | 26.13 | Alkaline Bleaching (Chlorination), sonication | (Sheltami et al. 2012) |
8 | Rice husk | 7 (μm) | 59 | 26.06 | Alkali, bleaching | (Johar et al. 2012) |
9 | Coconut palm leaf sheath | 10–15 (μm) | 47.7 | 12.7 | Chlorination and alkaline | (Maheswari et al. 2012) |
10 | Pongamia pinnata seed hull | 6–8 (μm) | 47 | 72.79 | Chlorination and alkaline | Present work |