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Table 1 Bioactive components in different industrial food waste residues

From: Food waste: a potential bioresource for extraction of nutraceuticals and bioactive compounds

S. no.

Source

Residue

Bioactive components

References

Fruits

1.

 Apple

Peel and pomace

Epicatechin, catechins, anthocyanins, quercitin glycosides, chlorogenic acid, hydroxycinnamates, phloretin glycosides, procyanidins

Wolfe and Liu (2003), Foo and Lu (1999), Lu and Foo (1997)

2.

 Avocado

Peel and seeds

Epicatechin, catechin, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, cyanidin 3-glucoside, homogentisic acid

Deng et al. (2012)

3.

 Banana

Peel

Gallocatechin, anthocyanins, delphindin, cyaniding, catecholamine

Someya et al. (2002), Kanazawa and Sakakibara (2000), González-Montelongo et al. (2010)

4.

 Citrus fruits

Peel

Hesperidin, naringin, eriocitrin, narirutin

Coll et al. (1998)

5.

 Grapes

Seed and skin

Coumaric acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, neochlorogenic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, gallic acid, proanthocyanidins, quercetin 3-o-gluuronide, quercetin, resvaratrol

Shrikhande (2000), Negro et al. (2003), Maier et al. (2009)

6.

 Guava

Skin and seeds

Catechin, cyanidin 3-glucoside, galangin, gallic acid, homogentisic acid, kaempferol

Deng et al. (2012)

7.

 Litchi

Pericarp, seeds

Cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-rutonoside, malvidin-3-glucoside, gallic acid, epicatechin-3-gallate

Lee and Wicker (1991), Duan et al. (2007)

8.

 Mango

Kernel

Gallic acid, ellagic acid, gallates,

gallotannins, condensed tannins

Arogba (2000), Puravankara et al. (2000)

9.

 Palm

By-products of palm oil milling

Tocopherols, tocotrienols, sterols, and squalene, phenolic antioxidants

Tan et al. (2007), Choo et al. (1996)

10.

 Pomegranate

Peel and pericarp

Gallic acid, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, cyanidin-3-diglucoside, delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside

Noda et al. (2002), Gil et al. (2000)

Vegetables

11.

 Carrot

Peel

Phenols, beta-carotene

Chantaro et al. (2008)

12.

 Cucumber

Peel

Chlorophyll, pheophytin, phellandrene, caryophyllene

Zeyada et al. (2008)

13.

 Potato

Peel

Gallicacid, caffeic acid vanillic acid

Zeyada et al. (2008)

14.

 Tomato

Skin and pomace

Carotenoids

Strati and Oreopoulou (2011)

Cereal crops

15.

 Barley

Bran

β-Glucan

Sainvitu et al. (2012)

16.

 Rice

bran

γ-Oryzanol, bran oil

Perretti et al. (2003), Oliveira et al. (2012)

17.

 Wheat

Bran and germs

Phenolic acids, antioxidants

Wang et al. (2008)