Lobster processing by-products as valuable bioresource of marine functional ingredients, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals

Nguyen, Trung T.; Barber, Andrew R.; Corbin, Kendall; Zhang, Wei

doi:10.1186/s40643-017-0157-5

Bioresources and Bioprocessing

Table 3 The different types of lobster by-products generated with their valuable components for potential areas of applications

From: Lobster processing by-products as valuable bioresource of marine functional ingredients, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals

Lobster by-products	Functional ingredients, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals	Suggested application areas	References
Lobster shells (carapace)	Chitin, chitosan	Water treatment	Gustavo et al. (2005); Pathiraja (2014)
	Chitin, chitosan, chitin-oligosaccharides, chitosan-oligosaccharide	Agriculture	Borges et al. (2000); Falcón et al. (2002); Cabrera and Van Cutsem (2005); Falcón Rodríguez et al. (2010); Ilangumaran (2014)
	Chitosan, chitosan film	Food processing and preservative	Defang et al. (2001); Garcıa et al. (2015)
	Water-soluble chitosan, chitosan particles	Pharmacy	Safitri et al. (2014); De la Paz et al. (2015)
	Chitosan film	Biomedicine	Malho et al. (2014); Qi (2015)
	Carotenoprotein	Aquafeed	Dauphin (1991); Simpson et al. (1993); Tu (1991); Tu et al. (1991)
	Astaxanthin	Food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical; feed additive	Auerswald and Gäde (2008); Denise and Jason (2012); Gäde and Auerswald (2005)
	Proteins	Food and nutraceutical	Nguyen et al. (2016); Oviedo et al. (1982)
	Flavors and nutrient broth	Crackers, biscuits	Lien (2004)
Lobster heads (cephalothorax)	Body meat, breast meat, and leg meat	Lobster paste, canned products	Ross (1927)
	Lobster meat	Gourmet food products	Meyers and Machada (1978)
	Lobster meat	Feed additive	Daniel (2008)
	Lobster protein hydrolysate	Flavor enhancer, protein supplement	Vieira et al. (1995)
Lobster roes	Raw roe	Lobster paste, canned products	Ross (1927)
Lobster livers (hepatopancreas)	Raw liver	Lobster paste, canned product	Ross (1927)
Lobster livers (hepatopancreas)	ω-3 rich lipids	Lobster oils, infused oils	Nguyen et al. (2015); Tsvetnenko et al. (1996)
Lobster blood (hemolymph)	Phenol oxidase	Anti-microbial proteins	Fredrick and Ravichandran (2012)
	Crustin	Anti-microbial proteins	Battison et al. (2008); Pisuttharachai et al. (2009)
	Bioactive fragment	Pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic treatment of viral and other neoplastic or pre-neoplastic mammalian tissue lesions	Bayer (2015)

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