Table 4 Applications of lobster chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives

Water treatment

Removal of mercuric ion

Peniche‐Covas et al. (1992)

Removal of reactive dyes from aqueous solution

Juang et al. (1996, 1997)

Removal of heavy metals (Cu, Hg)

Gustavo et al. (2005)

Dye absorbents for treatment of industrial effluent

Pathiraja (2014)

Agriculture

Seedling growth and antimycorrhizal in tomato crop

Iglesias et al. (1994)

Fungicides on plant fungal diseases

Pombo (1995)

Amending media and seeds for inhibition of pathogen fungus growth

Borges et al. (2000)

Inducing systemic resistance agents in tobacco plants

Falcón et al. (2002)

Elicitors of plants defense reactions

Cabrera and Van Cutsem (2005)

Plant growth regulators

Hipulan (2005)

Inducing defensive agents

Cabrera et al. (2010); Falcón Rodríguez et al. (2010)

Plant protection

Ilangumaran (2014)

Food

Organic polymer flocculants

Defang et al. (2001)

Edible or biodegradable films

Casariego et al. (2008, 2009)

Biodegradable packages

Hudson et al. (2015)

Fiber and nutrient supplement

Harikrishnan et al. (2012)

Antioxidants, antimicrobials

Garcıa et al. (2015); Sayari et al. (2016)

Pharmaceuticals

Direct compression excipients for pharmaceutical application

Mir et al. (2008)

Co-diluent in direct compression of tablets

Mir et al. (2010)

Water-soluble lobster chitosan salt as materials for drug carriers

Cervera et al. (2011)

Targeted drug delivery film

Bamgbose et al. (2012)

Bio-mouth spray for anti-halitosis

Safitri et al. (2014)

The stability and safety of lobster chitosan salts

De la Paz et al. (2015); Lagarto et al. (2015)

Natural additive for pharmaceuticals

Sayari et al. (2016)

Biomedicine

Immobilization of multi-enzyme extract

Osinga et al. (1999)

Novel hybrid biomaterials for medical application

Malho et al. (2014)

Biomimetic functional materials or epithelial treatment

Qi (2015); Da Silveira et al. (2013)