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Table 5 Several beneficial effects of astaxanthin on promoting human health

From: Lobster processing by-products as valuable bioresource of marine functional ingredients, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals

Human health

Health benefits

References

Neurovascular protection

Decreases oxidation of red blood cells; decreases the chances of ischemic stroke; and improves memory and learning

Yook et al. (2015); Zhang et al. (2014a, b)

Eye fatigue relief

Reduces eye fatigue relieve in subjects suffering from visual display syndrome

Kajita et al. (2009); Kidd (2011); Nagaki et al. (2006); Serrano and Narducci (2014); Seya et al. (2009)

Immune system booster

Has an immunomodulating effect, strong immune system stimulator, anti-tumor, very effective for autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis

Chew et al. (2010); Chew and Park (2004); Jyonouchi et al. (1995); Nir and Spiller (2002); Park et al. (2010)

Cardiovascular health

Improves blood lipid profiles, decreases blood pressure, offers protection from hypertension and stroke, reduces the consequences of a heart attack and vascular inflammation, reduces the area of infarction and the damage, reduces the area of infarction and the damage

Fassett and Coombes (2012); Fassett and Coombes (2011); Gross and Lockwood (2005); Guerin et al. (2003); Hussein et al. (2006); Hussein et al. (2005); Iwamoto et al. (2000); Miyawaki et al. (2008)

Liver health and metabolic syndrome

Improves blood lipids and increases adiponectin, prevents fatty liver disease, reduces the risk of atherosclerotic plaque, inhibits progression of fatty liver disease, restores insulin–glucose balance, increases fat burning, and decreases inflammatory markers

Kindlund and BioReal (2011); Kishimoto et al. (2016); Shen et al. (2014); Yilmaz et al. (2015)

Diabetes and Kidneys

Reduces glucose toxicity and kidney inflammation; improves pancreatic function, insulin resistance, and insulin sensitivity

Naito et al. (2004); Ni et al. (2015); Savini et al. (2013); Uchiyama et al. (2002)

Fertility

Improves sperm parameters and fertility

Comhaire et al. (2005); Donà et al. (2013); Mina et al. (2014)

Muscle resilience

Enhances power output, endurance, and recovery after exercise; prevents muscle damage and muscle atrophy

Earnest et al. (2011); Malmstena and Lignellb (2008); Yamashita (2011)

Capillary circulation

Improves blood flow and capillary integrity; reduces blood cell oxidation and risk of thrombosis

Kanazashi et al. (2013)

Anti-aging (skin cells)

Prevents UV-induced wrinkle formation, skin sagging, and age-spots; improves skin elasticity and skin dryness

Seki et al. (2001); Tominaga et al. (2012); Yamashita (2005)