Table 3 Examples of oil-in-water nanoemulsions by using different methods
Bioactive component | Oil phase | Surfactant/co-surfactant | Particle diameter (nm) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Ultrasonication/ultrasonication homogenizer | ||||
Curcumin | MCT | Whey protein concentrate-70/Tween-80 | 141.6 ± 15.4 | Sari et al. (2015) |
Quercetin | Lemon oil/corn oil | Saponin, Tween-20 | 52 ± 10 | Kaur et al. (2016) |
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) | Rapeseed oil/rapeseed lecithin | Xanthan gum and carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (as a thickeners) | < 170 | Kaci et al. (2018) |
a) Lemon myrtle essential oil (LMEO) b) Anise myrtle essential oil (AMEO) | – | Tween 80 | LMEO (≈ 16.07) AMEO (≈ 30.23) | Nirmal et al. (2018) |
High-pressure homogenizer | ||||
β-Carotene | MCT | Modified starch, decaglycerol monolaurate, Tween 20, whey protein isolate | 115–178 | Mao et al. (2009) |
Resveratrol and Curcumin | Peanut oil, palm oil and stearic acid | Soy lecithin, sugar ester, modified starch, vegetables protein | < 200 | Donsì et al. (2011) |
ω-3 PUFA in oil phase | Fish oil (EPA and DHA) | Span 80, Tween 20 Sesame protein isolate (Natural alternative surfactants) | < 100 | Dey et al. (2018) |
High-speed homogenizer | ||||
Olive oil endogenous phenolic compounds (vanillic, caffeic and syringic acid) | Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) | Tween 20 | > 251 | Katsouli et al. (2018) |
Phenolic acids (gallic, syringic, vanillic acid) | Olive oil | Tween 20 | < 500 | Polychniatou and Tzia (2018) |
Eugenia brejoensis essential oil | – | Tween 80 | 355.63 ± 21.70 to 143.13 ± 1.1 | Mendes et al. (2018) |
Microfluidizer | ||||
β-Carotene | Corn oil | Whey protein isolate, Quillaja saponins | 140–160 | Luo et al. (2017) |
α-Tocopherol | MCT | Glycerol, decaglycerol monooleate soybean lecithin, glycerol SDS, Tween 20, beta-lactoglobulin | 80–400 | Hatanaka et al. (2010) |
Spontaneous emulsification | ||||
Capsanthin | MCT | Tween 80 and span 20 | ≈ 30–150 | An et al. (2014) |
Vitamin D | MCT | Tween 80, or Tween 85/SDS Tween 20, Tween 60, Tween 40 | ≈ 100 | Guttoff et al. (2015) |
Emulsion phase inversion | ||||
Vitamin E | MCT | Tween 20, sucrose monopalmitate, Tween 40, Tween 85, Q-natural, casein, Tween 80, whey protein isolate, Tween 60 | ≈ 40 | Mayer et al. (2013) |
Vitamin E | Tributyrin | Tween 80 | ≈ 110 | Hategekimana and Zhong (2015) |