From: Isomerization of glucose into fructose with homogenous amine-type base catalysts: amine structure, chain length, and kinetics
Catalysts
k80 °C × 10−5 (s−1)
k90 °C × 10−5 (s−1)
k100 °C × 10−5 (s−1)
k110 °C × 10−5 (s−1)
APTES
5.74
6.05
4.10
2.12
APTMS
7.75
13.48
10.80
6.94
DMASi
6.62
9.93
8.90
9.17