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Table 2 Mass balance of products from SCG through TCR® system and other technologies

From: Thermo-Catalytic Reforming of spent coffee grounds

System

Heating rate (°C/min)

Char (wt%)

Gas (wt%)

Condensateb (wt%)

Bio-oil (wt%)

Aqueous phase (wt%)

References

TCR® at 500 °C

200–300

10.80

35.12

54.08

7.33

46.75

 

TCR® at 600 °C

8.26

36.87

54.87

6.22

48.65

 

TCR® at 700 °C

6.28

52.16

41.56

5.23

36.33

 

Fast pyrolysis, 450 °C to 600 °C

40,000

29–17

13–20.2

57.3–46

a

a

Bok et al. (2012), Kelkar et al. (2015)

Slow pyrolysis

50

27

21

27.2

a

a

Galanakis (2017)

Catalytic pyrolysis, 500 °C to 700 °C

10

43.2–41.8

0.5–22

56.5–36.2

a

a

Cho et al. (2017)

  1. aData are not available
  2. bBio-oil + aqueous phase