Table 3 Properties of TCR® bio-oil from spent coffee grounds through TCR® system and other technologies
System | Heating rate (°C/min) | Ultimate analysis (wt%) | HHV (MJ/kg) | H2O (wt%) | TAN (mgKOH/g) | References | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | H | N | O (diff.) | S | ||||||
TCR® at 500 °C | 200–300 | 75.9 | 9.6 | 3.3 | 10.8 | 0.41 | 36.0 | 3.9 | 27 | |
TCR® at 600 °C | 200–300 | 78.1 | 8.3 | 4.3 | 8.4 | 0.8 | 36.2 | 3.6 | 16 | |
TCR® at 700 °C | 200–300 | 79.3 | 6.8 | 3.8 | 9.2 | 0.76 | 36.8 | 1.9 | 8.1 | |
Fast pyrolysis at 500 °C | 60 | 28.9–44.9 | 6.5–12.0 | 0.8–5.0 | 42.0–59.5 | 0.07–0.12 | 17.2 | 10–15 | pH 3.1 | |
Fast pyrolysis at 450 °C | 1000 k/s | 54.3 | 7.4 | 3.0 | 35.3 | 0.0 | 23.1 | 23.9 | pH 3.1 | Bok et al. (2012) |