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Table 3 RSM-CCD experimental design matrix and response data

From: Maximizing production of cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibers from pre-extracted loblolly pine kraft pulp: a response surface approach

Run no. (cluster no.)

Factors

Responses

Mass balance

X1, %

X2, min

X3, °C

X4, Mesh size

CNC yield, %

CSR yield, %

Total yield, %

Loss, %

Overall closure, %

1 (3)

54

90

65

20

27.9 ± 1.3

–

27.9 ± 1.3

25.6

53.5

2 (3)

66

30

65

20

25.2 ± 0.9

–

25.2 ± 0.9

29.2

54.4

3 (2)

54

30

65

20

33.7 ± 2.8

22.0 ± 2.2

55.7 ± 0.6

18.6

74.3

4 (2)

60

60

55

40

38.3 ± 2.9

16.9 ± 3.5

55.2 ± 0.6

18.5

73.7

5 (2)

54

30

65

60

41.7 ± 1.9

20.7 ± 0.0

62.4 ± 1.9

10.4

72.8

6 (2)

60

60

55

60

52.1 ± 3.3

–

52.1 ± 3.3

19.9

72.0

7 (1)

66

30

45

20

20.1 ± 0.5

31.4 ± 0.6

51.5 ± 0.0

11.5

63.0

8 (2)

60

90

55

40

51.6 ± 1.6

–

51.6 ± 1.6

15.9

67.5

9 (1)

60

60

45

40

12.8 ± 0.4

62.3 ± 1.5

75.1 ± 1.2

6.3

81.4

10 (2)

54

90

65

60

37.2 ± 1.1

–

37.2 ± 1.1

15.0

52.2

11 (1)

60

30

55

40

29.5 ± 0.9

33.6 ± 3.9

63.0 ± 3.1

14.9

77.9

12 (1)

54

60

55

40

23.2 ± 0.2

53.0 ± 2.6

76.2 ± 2.4

7.7

83.9

13 (3)

66

30

65

60

15.0 ± 0.6

–

15.0 ± 0.6

34.8

49.8

14 (2)

60

60

55

40

37.1 ± 1.6

20.8 ± 1.8

57.9 ± 0.2

15.0

72.9

15 (3)

66

90

65

20

22.6 ± 0.3

–

22.6 ± 0.3

37.5

60.1

16 (3)

66

60

55

40

17.3 ± 0.4

–

17.3 ± 0.4

43.6

60.9

17 (1)

54

90

45

20

15.6 ± 0.4

59.6 ± 1.3

75.2 ± 0.9

4.4

79.6

18 (3)

66

90

65

60

23.4 ± 0.8

–

23.4 ± 0.8

33.3

56.7

19 (2)

60

60

55

20

38.0 ± 0.9

13.6 ± 0.3

51.5 ± 0.6

21.8

73.3

20 (3)

66

30

45

60

18.0 ± 0.2

–

18.0 ± 0.2

23.5

41.5

21 (4)

54

30

45

20

0.6 ± 0.1

83.3 ± 2.3

83.9 ± 2.3

1.6

85.5

22 (4)

54

90

45

60

3.2 ± 0.0

77.7 ± 0.8

80.8 ± 0.8

3.5

84.3

23 (2)

60

60

65

40

33.2 ± 1.3

–

33.2 ± 1.3

24.3

57.5

24 (4)

54

30

45

60

1.1 ± 0.0

84.5 ± 1.0

85.6 ± 0.9

2.2

87.8

25 (3)

66

90

45

20

11.9 ± 0.1

–

11.9 ± 0.1

40.5

52.4

26 (3)

66

90

45

60

14.8 ± 0.3

–

14.8 ± 0.3

44.9

59.7

  1. % Total yield is the sum of CNC and CSR yields. % Loss is the total carbohydrate (cellulose and hemicellulose) lost in the first waste stream in the form of monosaccharides. Yields, losses and overall mass closure are expressed as a % of the initial dry weight of kraft pulp