Table 2 Composition of various biomass substances in percentage

Hardwood

40–50

20–40

15–30

Reyes-Rivera et al. (2015)

Softwood

45–50

25–35

20–25

Reyes-Rivera et al. (2015)

Nut shells

30–40

25–30

30–35

Queirós et al. (2019), Lourenco and Pereira (2018)

Corn cobs

31–40

30–40

15–25

Rofiqah et al. (2019)

Corn stovers

30–41

25–35

15–25

Wang et al. (2019)

Coastal Bermuda grass

31–35

26–30

14–25

Canizo et al. (2014)

Pineapple leaf

25–30

30–45

15–20

Mansor et al. (2019)

Cotton seed hairs

80.95

5–20

0.0

Kumar et al. (2009)

Wheat straw

35–40

20–30

16–25

Isikgor and Becer (2015)

Barley straw

30–35

20–30

18–25

Lara-Serrano et al. (2019)

News paper

40–55

25–40

18–30

Kumar et al. (2009)

Waste papers from chemical pulps

30–80

5–15

1–20

Ioelovich (2014)

Primary municipal wastewater solids

8–15

NA

24–29

Sun and Cheng (2002)

Solid cattle manure

2–5

2–4

2–6

Jung et al. (2015)