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Bioresources and Bioprocessing
Fig. 4 | Bioresources and Bioprocessing

Fig. 4

From: Leveraging and manufacturing in vitro multicellular spheroid-based tumor cell model as a preclinical tool for translating dysregulated tumor metabolism into clinical targets and biomarkers

Fig. 4

The effect of hypoxia and acidic microenvironment on the occurrence and development of tumorigenesis. Red arrow denotes the increased metabolic activity. The hypoxic microenvironment in tumors would induce HIF-1α and ROS, which influence the expression of a series of metabolic enzymes, such as HK, GLUT, LDH and PKM, leading to metabolic transformation, increased glucose uptake, enhanced glycolysis, and decreased OXPHOS. The accumulated lactic acid can contribute to forming an acidic microenvironment. Hypoxia and acidic microenvironment will promote angiogenesis, tumor cell growth and apoptosis, drug resistance, and are also related to genomic instability

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