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Table 3 Composition and characteristics of beers from barley, and sorghum without or with A. oryzae

From: Use of Aspergillus oryzae during sorghum malting to enhance yield and quality of gluten-free lager beers

 

Beer from Barley malt

Beer from Sorghum malt

Beer from Sorghum with A. oryzae Malt

Specific gravity @ 20 °C

1.016 ± 0.01B

1.021 ± 0.01A

1.019 ± 0.01AB

pH

4.08 ± 0.05A

3.96 ± 0.22A

4.00 ± 0.12A

Apparent attenuation (%)

72.76 ± 0.09A

64.35 ± 0.01B

68.05 ± 0.01B

Real attenuation (%)

60.09 ± 0.01A

53.33 ± 0.12B

55.66 ± 0.01AB

Ethanol (%v/v)

5.25 ± 0.07A

4.68 ± 0.05B

5.28 ± 0.02A

FAN (mg/Lt)

56.18 ± 3.45A

59.72 ± 6.13A

66.23 ± 3.64A

Superior alcohols

 Propanol (ppm)

13.78 ± 0.01A

14.40 ± 2.02A

16.31 ± 0.45A

 Isobutanol (ppm)

13.14 ± 0.20A

18.52 ± 8.77A

15.21 ± 0.45A

 Isoamyl alcohol (ppm)

85.55 ± 1.86A

86.34 ± 9.10A

99.16 ± 1.22A

Volatile and ester compounds

 Acetaldehyde (ppm)

3.13 ± 0.69A

2.87 ± 0.52A

1.92 ± 0.51A

 Ethyl acetate (ppm)

13.24 ± 0.20A

7.78 ± 1.70A

14.84 ± 2.39A

 Isoamyl acetate (ppm)

0.977 ± 0.001A

0.648 ± 0.130A

1.28 ± 0.25A

 Ethyl hexanoate (ppm)

0.068 ± 0.001A

0.046 ± 0.040B

0.059 ± 0.010AB

Sulfur compounds

 Hydrogen sulfide (ppb)

26.77 ± 0.69A

19.63 ± 1.88B

3.61 ± 0.19C

 Methanethiol (ppb)

3.13 ± 0.13A

2.18 ± 0.45AB

1.73 ± 0.01B

 Dimethylsulfide (ppb)

43.09 ± 8.29A

63.94 ± 10.93A

62.44 ± 0.96A

 S-methyl acetate (ppb)

24.87 ± 1.45A

18.01 ± 5.04A

16.17 ± 0.51A

VDK compounds

 2,3 Butanedione (ppm)

0.440 ± 0.050A

0.041 ± 0.020B

0.018 ± 0.010B

 2,3 Pentanedione (ppm)

0.240 ± 0.020A

0.033 ± 0.020B

0.008 ± 0.010B

Color

 Color (° EBC)

6.36 ± 0.09A

2.91 ± 0.29B

3.37 ± 0.14B

  1. Mean comparisons with different letter(s) within rows are statistically different (P < 0.05)