Table 1 Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content from various low-lignin plants
From: Material utilization of green waste: a review on potential valorization methods
Plant | Origin | Cellulose [%] | Hemicellulose [%] | Lignin [%] | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) | Québec, Canada | 27.4 | 11.7 | 4.8 | Alvo and Belkacemi (1997) |
Asoka leaves (Saraca indica) | India | 26.6 | 30.1 | 21.8 | Das et al. (2013) |
Dwarf Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum cv. Mahasarakham) | Thailand | 35.6 | 34.2 | 3.7 | Wongwatanapaiboon et al. (2012) |
Eucalyptus leaves (Eucalyptus marginata) | India | 35.7 | 47.4 | 16.9 | Das et al. (2013) |
Finger flatsedge (Cyperus digitatus) | Malaysia | 44.8 | 42.8 | 11.8 | Emmclan et al. (2018) |
Greater club rush (Scirpus grossus) | Malaysia | 36.2 | 49.9 | 13.4 | Bidin et al. (2015) |
Malaysia | 42.1 | 45.6 | 11.4 | Emmclan et al. (2018) | |
King Napier grass (Pennisetum Purpureum x P. Americanum) | Thailand | 32.0 | 31.1 | 3.1 | Wongwatanapaiboon et al. (2012) |
Lesser bulrush (Typha angustifolia) | Malaysia | 44.1 | 54.8 | 20.0 | Bidin et al. (2015) |
Mango leaves (Mangifera indica) | India | 27.2 | 54.0 | 18.9 | Das et al. (2013) |
Miscanthus sacchariflorus | Korea | 31.7–36.1 | 22.3–28.9 | 14.1–18.1 | Jung et al. (2015) |
Miscanthus sinensis | India | 32.4 | 21.3 | 19.0 | Jung et al. (2015) |
Korea | 30.5–33.4 | 24.6–29.9 | 14.7–24.7 | Jung et al. (2015) | |
Miscanthus × giganteus | Illinois, USA | 33.2 | 23.3 | 17.2 | Jung et al. (2015) |
Mission grass (Pennisetum polystachion) | Thailand | 40.0 | 23.3 | 6.2 | Premjet et al. (2012) |
Thailand | 39.8 | 29.2 | 14.6 | Tatijarern et al. (2013) | |
Napier grass/elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) | Brazil | 36 | 22 | 20 | Menegol et al. (2016) |
Thailand | 32.9 | 36.5 | 3.6 | Wongwatanapaiboon et al. (2012) | |
Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) | India | 20.6 | 50.8 | 18.5 | Das et al. (2013) |
Pangola grass (Digitaria eriantha) | Thailand | 33.1 | 35.5 | 4.5 | Wongwatanapaiboon et al. (2012) |
Poplar leaves (Populus nigra) | India | 29.4 | 48.8 | 21.8 | Das et al. (2013) |
Purple guinea grass (Panicum maximum) | Thailand | 33.4 | 31.3 | 4.0 | Wongwatanapaiboon et al. (2012) |
Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) | Malaysia | 42.6 | 45.6 | 9.5 | Bidin et al. (2015) |
Rice flatsedge (Cyperus iria) | Malaysia | 44.6 | 43.4 | 10.6 | Emmclan et al. (2018) |
Thailand | 33.4 | 31.0 | 6.3 | Premjet et al. (2012) | |
Ruzi grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis) | Thailand | 33.6 | 34.0 | 4.6 | Wongwatanapaiboon et al. (2012) |
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) | Nigeria | 31.4 | 23.4 | 17.9 | Jung et al. (2015) |
Sudan | 35.3 | 23.6 | 20.7 | Jung et al. (2015) | |
Sorghum (Sorghum halepense) | Thailand | 44.4 | 25.8 | 6.6 | Premjet et al. (2012) |
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) | Illinois, USA | 29.5–37.8 | 21.5–27.4 | 13.9–21.1 | Jung et al. (2015) |
USA | 35.3 | 33.7 | 8.4 | Reza et al. (2013) | |
Tall fescue grass (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) | Oregon, USA | 31.0 | 20.2 | 14.4 | Kumar and Murthy (2011) |
Timothy (Phleum pratense) | Québec, Canada | 28.8 | 27.2 | 4.6 | Alvo and Belkacemi (1997) |
Ubon paspalum (Paspalum atratum) | Thailand | 34.9 | 32.6 | 5.6 | Wongwatanapaiboon et al. (2012) |
Vetiver grasses (Chrysopogon zizanioides) | Thailand | 31.9–38.5 | 37.9–42.6 | 3.7–5.1 | Wongwatanapaiboon et al. (2012) |
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) | Indonesia | 43.0 | 29.1 | 6.9 | Asrofi et al. (2018) |
Thailand | 57.0 | 25.6 | 4.1 | Tanpichai et al. (2019) | |
Wild grass (Achnatherum hymenoides) | India | 51.2 | 30.1 | 18.7 | Das et al. (2013) |