Production of oligomeric procyanidins by mild steam explosion treatment of grape seeds

Bioresources and Bioprocessing

Table 1 mDP of grape seeds procyanidins after SE treatments

P	T	Terminal units (%)				Extension units (%)				mDP
P	T	CA	EC	ECG	β-CA	EGC	EC	ECG	α-CA	mDP
0	–	2.15 ± 0.02a	2.70 ± 0.01a	1.26 ± 0.00a	5.10 ± 0.01a	3.69 ± 0.01a	10.21 ± 0.01a	2.67 ± 0.01a	2.89 ± 0.01a	5.03 ± 0.00a
	–	2.15 ± 0.02a	2.70 ± 0.01a	1.26 ± 0.00a	5.10 ± 0.01a	3.69 ± 0.01a	10.21 ± 0.01a	2.67 ± 0.01a	2.89 ± 0.01a	5.03 ± 0.00a
0.3	30	3.31 ± 0.01c	3.31 ± 0.01c	2.61 ± 0.01c	1.50 ± 0.01c	0.64 ± 0.01c	19.27 ± 0.01b	9.50 ± 0.01b	3.37 ± 0.01c	4.72 ± 0.01b
	60	3.38 ± 0.01c	3.50 ± 0.01b	2.81 ± 0.01c	1.48 ± 0.01c	0.61 ± 0.01c	20.29 ± 0.02c	9.45 ± 0.00b	3.10 ± 0.01c	4.61 ± 0.00b
0.6	30	2.99 ± 0.01c	2.45 ± 0.01c	1.82 ± 0.01c	3.86 ± 0.02b	–	10.83 ± 0.01b	5.12 ± 0.01b	5.40 ± 0.00b	4.47 ± 0.01b
	60	3.35 ± 0.01c	2.33 ± 0.00c	1.69 ± 0.01c	2.16 ± 0.01c	–	7.71 ± 0.01c	3.03 ± 0.01c	4.60 ± 0.01b	3.37 ± 0.00c
0.9	30	1.97 ± 0.01c	1.60 ± 0.00c	1.05 ± 0.01c	0.80 ± 0.01c	0.27 ± 0.02c	5.40 ± 0.00b	1.92 ± 0.02c	2.13 ± 0.02c	3.27 ± 0.01c
	60	2.59 ± 0.01c	1.69 ± 0.01c	1.05 ± 0.01c	0.97 ± 0.01c	–	3.16 ± 0.01c	1.05 ± 0.01c	2.59 ± 0.01c	2.46 ± 0.01c
1.2	30	2.05 ± 0.01b	1.27 ± 0.01c	0.72 ± 0.00c	0.63 ± 0.01c	–	1.33 ± 0.02c	0.31 ± 0.01c	1.64 ± 0.02c	1.97 ± 0.01c
	60	1.63 ± 0.01c	1.13 ± 0.01c	0.61 ± 0.00c	0.62 ± 0.01c	–	1.35 ± 0.01c	0.59 ± 0.01c	1.13 ± 0.02c	2.10 ± 0.00c
1.5	30	1.69 ± 0.01c	1.25 ± 0.01c	0.63 ± 0.01c	0.35 ± 0.01c	–	2.28 ± 0.01c	0.79 ± 0.02c	0.93 ± 0.02c	2.22 ± 0.03c
	60	1.58 ± 0.01c	1.21 ± 0.01c	0.65 ± 0.00c	0.38 ± 0.01c	–	2.62 ± 0.01c	0.90 ± 0.01c	1.02 ± 0.01c	2.43 ± 0.01c

P Pressure (MPa), T Time of steam-explosion treatment (s). The results are described as the means ± standard deviation (n = 3). Means in the same column with different letters indicate significant differences, which were determined by One sample t-Test. (c:significance at P < 0.01; b:significance at P < 0.05; a:significance at P > 0.05.)