Table 2 Summary of lactic acid separation and recovery process
From: Lactic acid separation and recovery from fermentation broth by ion-exchange resin: A review
Separation/recovery process | Advantages | Disadvantages | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Chemical neutralization/precipitation | Relatively simple operation process System is applicable in industrial High product yield | Production of gypsum waste which causes an environmental problem High solvent consumption (e.g., sulphuric acid or calcium hydroxide) Low product purity | (Daful et al. 2016; Komesu et al. 2017a; Wasewar et al. 2003; Yankov et al. 2005) |
Ion exchange adsorption | No waste generation production Simple and not require expensive equipment operation High stability and selectivity of operation Shorter time for product recovery Low running costs and energy consumption Non-toxic properties to microorganisms High potential to integrate into a heterogeneous system Resin can be regenerated to be reuse | Large waste liquor due to massive usage of eluent Operation not suitable for high temperature and long-term production Problem with co-extraction of other compounds | (Pradhan et al. 2017; Seeber et al. 1998; Kumar and Jain 2013; Aljundi et al. 2005; Boonmee et al. 2016; Zhang et al. 2018; Nielsen et al. 2010; Quintero et al. 2012) |
Liquid–liquid extraction | Gypsum waste is not produced Low risk of thermal decomposition High selectivity Low end-product inhibition | Low product recovery due to stepwise evaporation or re-extraction step High solvent cost consumption Low product purity May cause intoxication in the system Risk of co-adsorption | (Komesu et al. 2017a; López-Garzón and Straathof 2014; Wasewar et al. 2003; Henczka and Djas 2016) |
Membrane extraction | High adaptability and selectivity of the recovery process High product purity High flexibility as it is easy to scale up Effective elimination of impurities | Expensive cost of membranes Problems with polarization Membrane fouling problem Retention of lactic acid | (Wojtyniak et al. 2016; Komesu et al. 2017a; Kumar et al. 2019) |
Distillation | No use of solvents More efficiency to produce high product purity | Process is complex Difficult to scale up Process requires specific temperature and pressure conditions with high operational cost Mismatch problem with optimum process conditions Problems with volatility constraints | (Komesu et al. 2017b; Aqar et al. 2016; Wojtyniak et al. 2016) |