Table 2 Some secondary metabolites produced by A. oryzae and their biological activities
From: The ancient koji mold (Aspergillus oryzae) as a modern biotechnological tool
Metabolite | Chemical class | Bioactivity and uses | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Kojic acid | Carboxylic acid | Antimicrobial, pain killer; antioxidant; flavor enhancer, insecticide activator; has melanogenes inhibitory activity; used in skin whitening, and UV protecting products; used as iron chelator | |
Glutamic acid | Carboxylic acid | Protein synthesis; food additive and flavor enhancer; anticancer agent | Dutta et al. 2013 |
L-Malate | Carboxylic acid | Used in food and beverage industries | Ji et al. 2021 |
Penicillin | β-lactam antibiotics | Antimicrobial agent | Marui et al. 2010 |
Isocoumarins | Lactones | Anticancer activities | Zhou et al. 2016 |
3-Nitropropionic acid | Carboxylic acid | Neurotoxic; mitochondrial inhibitor | Geddes et al. 2000 |
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6) | Vitamin | Treat or prevent vitamin B6 deficiency; treat anemia; prevent or treat a certain nerve disorder | Frisvad et al. 2018 |
Cyanocobalamine | Vitamin | Prevent and treat vitamin B12 deficiency | |
Aspergillic acid | Carboxylic acid | Antimicrobial and antihypertensive agent | Nishimura et al. 1991 |
Mutaaspergillic acid | Carboxylic acid | Growth inhibitor against hiochi-bacteria | Nakamura 1960 |
Aspergillomarasmine A | Polyamino acid | Metallo‐β‐lactamase Inhibitor | |
Aspirochlorin | Halogenated spiro compound | Antifungal and antibacterial activities | Rebollar-Pérez et al. 2019 |
Asperfuran | Dihydrobenzofuran | Antifungal and anticancer activities | Pfefferle et al. 1990 |
Tocopherols | Phenol | Antioxidant | Frisvad et al. 2018 |
Sporogen AO1 | Sesquiterpene | Antifungal, antimalarial activities | Dumas et al. 2017 |
Phomenone | Sesquiterpene | Stimulate pro-inflammatory responses in murine cells | Rand et al. 2017 |