Table 4 Biosynthesis of 5-ALA in micro-organisms other from E. coli
Year | Pathway | Strategy | ALA titer (g/L) | ALA productivity (g/L/h) | Capacity (L) | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Corynebacterium glutamicum | ||||||
 2015 | C5 | Expressing hemA from S. typhimurium with codon optimization of hemL and increase cell membrane permeability with penicillin G | 2.2 | 0.046 | 2.0 | Ramzi et al. (2015) |
 2015 | C5 | Expressing hemA from S. arizona with mutation and hemL from E. coli. Added 0.01 mg/L ferrous ion in shaking flask | 1.79 | 0.012 | 0.05 | Yu et al. (2015) |
 2016 | C4 | Expressing hemA from R. sphaeroides and ppc with deletion of penicillin-binding genes | 7.53 | 0.209 | 5.0 | Feng et al. (2016) |
 2016 | C4 | Expressing ALAS from R. capsulatus and RhtA from E. coli in fed-batch fermentation | 14.7 | 0.92 | 0.05 | Yang et al. (2016) |
 2017 | C4 | Expressing codon-optimized hemA from R. sphaeroides and glyA in shake flask with deregulation of L-serine operon | 3.4 | 0.27 | 0.05 | Zou et al. (2017) |
 2018 | C5 | Expressing hemA from S. arizona with mutation, hemL from E. coli, and deleting glutamate transporter and using weaker RBS for hemB | 0.895 | 0.012 | 0.025 | Zhang and Ye (2018) |
 2019 | C5 | Inhibit oxoglutarate dehydrogenase with mutation of OdhI, expressing hemA from S. arizona with mutation and RhtA from E. coli | 2.9 | 0.06 | 0.02 | Ko et al. (2019) |
 2020 | C5 | Modulating the genes involved in 5 co-factor regeneration and control odhA expression using auto-inducible. Regulate the RhtA by the two-component system HrrSA in response to heme | 3.16 | 0.049 | 0.045 | Zhang et al. (2020b) |
 2020 | C4 | Expressing ALAS from R. palustris, using cassava bagasse hydrolysate as carbon source and optimization of ppc expression | 18.5 | 0.47 | 2.0 | Chen et al. (2020) |
Rhodobacter sphaeroides | ||||||
 2015 | C4 | Optimizing metal ion to produce biomass and 5-ALA from R. sphaeroides in wastewater | 1.15 | 0.032 | 0.5 | Liu et al. (2015) |
 2018 | C4 | Fe2+ effectively enhanced the biomass production and 5-ALA yield of R. sphaeroides Fe2+ improved ATP production by up-regulating the nif gene which enhanced the biomass and ALA | 4.02 | 0.112 | 0.5 | Liu et al. (2018) |
Streptomyces coelicolor | ||||||
 2019 | C5 | Integrating hemA from R. sphaeroides into S. coelicolor and optimized in flask cultivation | 0.137 | 0.005 | 0.05 | Tran et al. (2019) |
Bacillus subtilis | ||||||
 2020 | C5 | Over-expression hemA and hemL from B. subtilis | 0.0685 | 0.0011 | N.D | Liu et al. (2020) |
Shewanella oneidensis | ||||||
 2020 | C5 | Showing that higher 5-ALA could be obtained from wild-type S. oneidensis than from E. coli. Over-expressing hemD and hemF under T7 promoter | N.D | N.D | 0.05 | Yi ang Ng (2020) |
 2021 | C4, C5 | Applying CRISPRi system to concentrate carbon flux and over-expressing ALAS under T7 promoter | 0.207 | N.D | 0.05 | Yi ang Ng (2021) |
Saccharomyces cerevisiae | ||||||
 2018 | C4, C5 | Over-expressing hemL from S. cerevisiae, hemA from R. spheroids, hemA and hemL from E. coli with addition of glycine and succinate | 0.526 | N.D | N.D | Zhang et al. (2018a) |
 2019 | C5 | Over-expressing HEM1, ACO1, and ACO2 from S. cerevisiae. Optimization of medium, precursor glycine, and inhibitor levulinic acid | 0.004 | 8.3*10–5 | 0.05 | Hara et al. (2019) |
 2020 | C5 | Over-expressing HEM1 to produce 5-ALA by solid-state fermentation process. Reached 225.63 mg/kg 5-ALA dry materials after process optimization | 0.063 | 0.0013 | 11 | Mao et al. (2020) |