Fig. 11
From: Biotechnological advances for improving natural pigment production: a state-of-the-art review
Schematic of betalains biosynthesis. Betalains can be subdivided into betacyanins (red–violet) and betaxanthins (yellow–orange), whereby betacyanins are formed by conjugating betalamic acid with cyclo-dihydroxyphenylalanine (cDOPA) glucoside while betaxanthins result from the condensation of betalamic acid with amino acids or amines. DOPA, dihydroxyphenylalanine