Fig. 5
From: Biotechnological advances for improving natural pigment production: a state-of-the-art review
Overview of strategies for engineering of metabolic network in heterologous biosynthesis. A “Push–pull–block” strategy is used to direct more metabolic flux to the target compounds, in which “push” indicates enhancing the precursor supply towards target products, “pull” means strengthening the formation ability of the target products, and “block” represents downregulation of the competing pathways. B Inter- and intra-modular pathway engineering strategy is proposed to regulate metabolic balance among multiple modules as well as individual genes within each module. C Multiplex genome engineering like multiplex automated genome engineering (MAGE) is applied for large-scale programming of cell factory. In MAGE, synthetic ssDNA pools (color lines) are transformed into engineered hosts for generation of a diverse set of genomic modifications