Fig. 9
From: Biotechnological advances for improving natural pigment production: a state-of-the-art review
Schematic of flavonoids biosynthesis. PAL, phenylalanine ammonia lyase; C4H, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase; 4CL, p-coumaric acid: CoA ligase; TAL, tyrosine ammonia lyase; CHS, chalcone synthase; CHI, chalcone isomerase; FNS, flavone synthase; IFS, isoflavone synthase; F3H, flavanone 3-hydroxylase; FLS, flavonol synthase; F3′H, flavonoid 3′-hyroxylase; F3′5′H, flavonoid 3′,5′-hyroxylase; DFR, dihydroflavonol reductase; ANS, anthocyanidin synthase