Table 1 Source, benefits and challenges of different generations biodiesel (Leong et al., 2018; Sigh et al., 2020)
From: A comprehensive review on oleaginous bacteria: an alternative source for biodiesel production
S. N | Biofuels | First generation | Second generation | Third generation | Fourth generation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Source | Edible oil feedstock-like palm oil, soybean, rapeseed, sunflower & corn, etc | Non-edible feedstock-like seeds of jatropha, food waste, animal fat waste and agricultural waste, etc | Oleaginous microbes, such as bacteria, fungus, Yeast microalgae etc | Photobiological solar fuels, electro-fuels and synthetic cells |
2 | Benefit | Renewable source, biodegradable and their biodiesel conversion process is easy | Renewable, biodegradable, not compete with food crops | Renewable, biodegradable, not compete with food crops, the land is not required, no dependency on climate conditions and a higher growth rate | Renewable, Production rate is higher, High energy content, inexhaustible |
3 | Challenge | Requires land, manpower for cultivation and rising food price | Requires extra land and manpower for cultivation and production cost is high | Production low for commercialization and difficult to maintenance etc | Research is on infancy level |