Table 3 Biomaterial applications of spent hen proteins and lipids
Proteins/lipids | Application (Products) | Processing conditions for preparing biomaterials | Product characterization | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Muscle proteins | Wood adhesive | - Modified by 3% sodium dodecyl sulfate or 3Â M urea | - The modification promoted protein unfolding, exposing more secondary structures that strengthen protein-wood bonding - Interaction between proteins and modification agents enhanced mechanical interlocking - The prepared adhesives can be applicable in both dry and wet environments | Wang and Wu (2012) |
Muscle proteins | Bionanocomposite film | - Compression molding using glycerol (plasticizer), chitosan (cross-linker), and nanoclay (nanoparticles) | - The exfoliated bionanocomposite film had improved thermal, thermomechanical, and barrier properties, with possible uses as food packaging materials | Zubair et al. (2019) |
Collagen (Gelatin) | Hydrogel | - Gelatin was made from extracted spent hen collagen - Gelatin scaffold was formed through crosslinking by adding glutaraldehyde | - Properties of gelatin scaffold: porosity (90%), pore size (range of 104–244 µm), and water uptake (1149%) - The scaffold promoted proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts for wound healing | Esparza et al. (2018) |
Lipids | Plasticizer (Bio-epoxy) | - Lipids were extracted using supercritical CO2 - Bio-epoxy was produced by epoxidation of the extracted lipids | - Spent hen lipid-derived bio-epoxy materials were produced | |
Lipids | Polymer precursor (ethenolysis) | - Ethenolysis was achieved by a microwave-assisted solvent-free approach with catalysts | - Spent hen lipids as a renewable lipidic source for ethenolysis | Pradhan et al. (2020) |
Lipids | Bionanocomposite film | - Compression molding using spent hen-derived fatty acids and nanoclay | - Produced a lipid-based bionanocomposite film with enhanced thermal stability and flame retardancy compared to neat homopolymer | Safder et al. (2020) |
Feather | Adsorbent | - Feather was functionalized with silver nanoparticles | - Enhanced adsorption capacity of rhodamine B by 30 folds | Azeez et al. (2020) |
Feather | Adsorbent | - Treatment with hydrogen peroxide | - Effectively removed hazardous acid dye Amido Black 10B from aqueous solutions | Mittal et al. (2013) |