Biotransformation technology and high-value application of rapeseed meal: a review

Bioresources and Bioprocessing

Table 1 Comprehensive evaluation of different processes and their efficacy in rapeseed detoxification

Modes of action	Technology	Description of methods	Effectiveness evaluation	References
Physical detoxification	Heat	Degradation by high temperature	Not obvious	Jensen et al. (1995)
	Radiation	Inactivate myrosinase by radiation and decompose part of phytic acid and tannin	Not obvious	Maheshwari et al. (1980)
	Extrusion and expansion	The raw materials are expanded by steam, electricity, or sudden decompression after being heated by extrusion friction	Obvious	Nibedita et al. (2007)
	Hulling	Break and peel	Not obvious, but it improves nutrition	Kracht et al. (2004)
Chemical detoxification	Acid–base treatment	Soak or heat the rapeseed meal with acid–base solution	Obvious, but the feeding nutritional value is reduced	Bhatty and Sosulski (1972) Manashi et al. (2014)
Chemical detoxification	Salt treatment	Chelation of free cations in salt with hydrolysate of antinutritional factors	Obvious, but the nutrition and palatability are reduced	Das and Singhal (2005)
Biological detoxification	Genetic breeding	Using different techniques to improve rapeseed quality at gene level	Obvious, the nutrition is improved	Hannoufa et al. (2014)
	Enzyme addition	Added directly	Obvious, the nutrition is improved	Xue et al. (2009b)
	Microbial fermentation	Using the complex enzyme system secreted by microorganism itself	Obvious, and the nutritional value is significantly improved	Wang et al. (2012)