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Table 2 Individual phenolic compounds identified in oilseed cakes

From: Chemical composition and bioactivity of oilseed cake extracts obtained by subcritical and modified subcritical water

Compound

Pumpkin1

Pumpkin2

Pumpkin3

Hemp1

Hemp2

Hemp3

Flax1

Flax2

Flax3

Gallic acid

14.9 ± 0.8

26.0 ± 1.3

7.76 ± 0.39

50.9 ± 2.5

99.6 ± 4.9

32.8 ± 1.6

12.2 ± 0.6

103 ± 5

12.7 ± 0.6

Protocatechuic acid

8.35 ± 0.42

10.1 ± 0.5

12.9 ± 0.7

52.4 ± 2.6

20.4 ± 1.0

11.7 ± 0.6

9.51 ± 0.48

57.4 ± 2.9

9.03 ± 0.45

( +)-Catechin

8.96 ± 0.45

8.00 ± 0.40

12.9 ± 0.7

65.2 ± 3.3

58.8 ± 2.9

39.8 ± 1.9

11.4 ± 0.6

13.5 ± 0.7

10.1 ± 0.5

4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid

14.5 ± 0.7

53.3 ± 2.7

26.1 ± 1.3

21.1 ± 1.0

31.8 ± 1.6

48.3 ± 2.4

34.6 ± 1.7

26.0 ± 1.3

34.6 ± 1.7

4-hydroxybenzoic acid

7.47 ± 0.37

19.9 ± 1.0

9.33 ± 0.47

47.5 ± 2.4

39.8 ± 1.9

9.01 ± 0.45

10.2 ± 0.5

66.6 ± 3.3

10.3 ± 0.5

4-hydroxybenzaldehyde

13.7 ± 0.7

16.3 ± 0.8

9.05 ± 0.45

29.2 ± 1.5

25.3 ± 1.3

16.6 ± 0.8

3.38 ± 0.17

12.4 ± 0.6

10.6 ± 0.5

Chlorogenic acid

11.3 ± 0.6

7.75 ± 0.39

7.10 ± 0.35

9.13 ± 0.46

14.6 ± 0.7

17.8 ± 0.9

11.3 ± 0.6

20.9 ± 1.0

11.3 ± 0.6

Vanillic acid

9.92 ± 0.50

4.71 ± 0.24

10.7 ± 0.5

19.4 ± 0.9

16.3 ± 0.8

17.5 ± 0.9

5.27 ± 0.26

5.67 ± 0.28

5.42 ± 0.27

Caffeic acid

8.07 ± 0.40

4.54 ± 0.23

2.57 ± 0.13

18.4 ± 0.9

16.0 ± 0.6

9.64 ± 0.48

9.66 ± 0.48

12.0 ± 0.6

9.41 ± 0.47

Syringic acid

3.34 ± 0.17

3.16 ± 0.16

3.56 ± 0.18

54.8 ± 2.7

51.8 ± 2.6

37.0 ± 1.8

15.9 ± 0.8

14.3 ± 0.7

15.5 ± 0.8

(-)-Epicatechin

4.14 ± 0.21

11.83 ± 0.59

3.93 ± 0.20

18.8 ± 0.9

10.1 ± 0.5

14.5 ± 0.7

29.9 ± 1.5

27.9 ± 1.4

33.2 ± 1.7

p-Coumaric acid

2.77 ± 0.14

2.62 ± 0.13

3.89 ± 0.19

8.37 ± 0.42

6.79 ± 0.34

7.57 ± 0.38

2.16 ± 0.11

4.75 ± 0.24

2.78 ± 0.14

Ferulic acid

2.26 ± 0.11

8.91 ± 0.45

7.58 ± 0.38

13.1 ± 0.6

13.9 ± 0.7

6.72 ± 0.34

3.38 ± 0.17

8.72 ± 0.44

5.32 ± 0.27

Sinapic acid

2.32 ± 0.12

5.10 ± 0.25

5.65 ± 0.28

6.07 ± 0.30

10.4 ± 0.5

3.50 ± 0.18

7.86 ± 0.39

9.68 ± 0.48

3.71 ± 0.19

Naringin

6.47 ± 0.32

1.27 ± 0.06

5.90 ± 0.29

18.1 ± 0.9

29.9 ± 1.5

28.6 ± 1.4

9.28 ± 0.46

6.39 ± 0.32

8.58 ± 0.43

Rutin

6.14 ± 0.31

6.61 ± 0.33

4.62 ± 0.23

12.2 ± 0.6

44.9 ± 2.3

12.0 ± 0.6

4.43 ± 0.22

5.00 ± 0.25

4.54 ± 0.23

Resveratrol

9.18 ± 0.46

1.98 ± 0.10

9.33 ± 0.47

1.33 ± 0.07

1.81 ± 0.09

1.89 ± 0.09

2.23 ± 0.11

1.61 ± 0.08

1.99 ± 0.10

Quercetin-3-O-glucopyranoside

17.82 ± 0.89

4.08 ± 0.20

6.91 ± 0.35

4.16 ± 0.21

4.38 ± 0.22

7.08 ± 0.35

4.84 ± 0.24

7.69 ± 0.38

5.07 ± 0.25

Phloridzin

5.33 ± 0.27

1.71 ± 0.09

3.75 ± 0.19

2.13 ± 0.11

1.23 ± 0.06

1.70 ± 0.08

7.75 ± 0.39

1.91 ± 0.10

7.00 ± 0.35

Cinnamic acid

3.72 ± 0.19

2.61 ± 0.13

2.72 ± 0.14

1.94 ± 0.10

2.20 ± 0.11

2.46 ± 0.12

2.31 ± 0.12

6.29 ± 0.31

2.19 ± 0.11

Myricetin

28.6 ± 1.4

31.5 ± 1.6

28.1 ± 1.4

39.9 ± 2.0

49.9 ± 2.5

57.2 ± 2.9

32.1 ± 1.6

32.1 ± 1.6

32.1 ± 1.6

Kaempferol-3-O-glucoside

9.09 ± 0.45

7.47 ± 0.37

8.73 ± 0.44

7.83 ± 0.39

6.80 ± 0.34

8.66 ± 0.43

14.2 ± 0.7

7.17 ± 0.36

13.3 ± 0.7

Kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside

9.21 ± 0.46

6.02 ± 0.30

6.07 ± 0.30

5.80 ± 0.29

4.76 ± 0.24

8.79 ± 0.44

5.82 ± 0.29

7.26 ± 0.36

8.26 ± 0.41

Naringenin

3.32 ± 0.17

1.18 ± 0.06

3.44 ± 0.17

3.70 ± 0.19

4.08 ± 0.20

3.61 ± 0.18

8.41 ± 0.42

2.64 ± 0.13

4.97 ± 0.25

Quercetin

7.93 ± 0.40

10.0 ± 0.5

8.02 ± 0.40

6.17 ± 0.31

7.88 ± 0.39

9.02 ± 0.45

12.4 ± 0.6

10.3 ± 0.5

11.4 ± 0.6

Phloretin

1.19 ± 0.06

2.20 ± 0.11

1.25 ± 0.06

0.77 ± 0.04

3.22 ± 0.16

1.75 ± 0.09

1.24 ± 0.06

7.87 ± 0.39

1.00 ± 0.05

Tiliroside

3.21 ± 0.16

3.81 ± 0.19

3.25 ± 0.16

2.67 ± 0.13

4.27 ± 0.21

3.34 ± 0.17

4.41 ± 0.22

4.50 ± 0.22

4.50 ± 0.22

Kaempferol

8.97 ± 0.45

9.23 ± 0.46

8.98 ± 0.45

6.87 ± 0.34

8.10 ± 0.40

8.72 ± 0.44

8.70 ± 0.44

8.51 ± 0.43

8.82 ± 0.44

Pinocembrin

4.14 ± 0.21

4.12 ± 0.21

4.22 ± 0.21

3.42 ± 0.17

4.31 ± 0.22

5.81 ± 0.29

4.04 ± 0.20

4.11 ± 0.21

4.10 ± 0.20

All phenolic compounds

236 ± 6

276 ± 11

228 ± 6

532 ± 19

593 ± 23

433 ± 14

289 ± 9

497 ± 23

292 ± 9

  1. Results are expressed as mean ± SD (mg of compound per 100 g dw, n = 3)
  2. Subcritical water extraction carried out with a solid to solvent ratio of 1:30 (w/v), 1 h at 160 °C with (1) 20 bar N2, (2) 20 bar N2 with 0.05 M HCl, (3) 20 bar CO2