Table 3 Summary of the torrefaction temperature, retention time and results obtained on some selected lignocellulosic biomass

Sugarcane bagasse

230–290

180

At 290 °C, the weight loss was more than twice faster than at 230 °C

Granados et al. (2017)

Rubber wood

150–300

120

At 150 °C, no thermal decomposition occurred however, at 250 °C, the weight loss increased when potassium concentration increased. At 300 °C, mass yield decreased when potassium concentration increased

Safar et al. (2019)

Woody biomass

225- 300

20, 30, 40

The rate of by which volatiles was given off was 4.16%/min for light, 1.80%/min (mild) and 0.70%/min (severe). Weight loss during torrefaction was described as 3–6% for light; 9–14% (mild); and 11–16% (severe)

Moya et al. (2018)

Rice husk

210–270

60

Decrease in the mass loss; decrease in differential thermogravimetric max value

Zhang et al. (2018a, b)

Rice straw

250

15

Gas-pressurized torrefaction promoted the cellulose decomposition

Tong et al. (2018)

Pine straw

250

15

Torrefaction carried out by pressurized gas gave increased char yield than atmosphere induced process

Tong et al. (2018)

Washed rice husk

250–280

20

The initial temperature for decomposition was increased. Increase in the gradual breakdown of hemicellulose and lignin

Zhang et al. (2016)

Camellia shell

260

30

At low temperature, there is decomposition of the structure and part of organic compounds; the maximum mass loss shifted from 286–346 °C in dry torrefaction while there is the decomposition of hemicellulose in wet torrefaction

Xu et al. (2018)

Bamboo

230–250

60

O₂ gas was more effective to remove hemicellulose than CO₂

Su et al. (2018)

Cornhusk, cassava peel and sawdust

200–300

60

Mass loss increased with increase in torrefaction temperature at 300 °C than at 200 °C

Akogun and Waheed (2022)