Metabolic mechanism of astaxanthin biosynthesis in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous in response to sodium citrate treatment

Pan, Xueshan; Li, Tonggang; Wang, Baobei; Qi, Shuhua; Yang, Dandan; Huang, Zheng; Gao, Renfei; Li, Jingyan; Ling, Xueping; Lu, Yinghua

doi:10.1186/s40643-023-00650-7

Bioresources and Bioprocessing

Table 2 The metabolites responsible for responding to Na-citrate in X. dendrorhous

From: Metabolic mechanism of astaxanthin biosynthesis in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous in response to sodium citrate treatment

Metabolite	48 h		72 h		96 h		120 h
Metabolite	Control	Na-citrate	Control	Na-citrate	Control	Na-citrate	Control	Na-citrate
Oxaloacetate	4.65 ± 0.62	2.24 ± 0.31*	4.94 ± 0.41	3.22 ± 0.17**	10.65 ± 0.30	6.06 ± 0.93	6.33 ± 0.14	6.26 ± 0.76
Succinic acid	0.04 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.00**	0.03 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.01**	0.04 ± 0.00	0.04 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01
Fumaric acid	0.20 ± 0.04	0.16 ± 0.02*	0.14 ± 0.01	0.20 ± 0.03**	0.08 ± 0.02	0.10 ± 0.01*	0.05 ± 0.02	0.04 ± 0.01
Citric acid	0.27 ± 0.01	0.88 ± 0.03*	0.14 ± 0.01	0.39 ± 0.01**	0.17 ± 0.02	0.21 ± 0.02 *	0.15 ± 0.01	0.35 ± 0.02
Malic acid	0.13 ± 0.02	0.22 ± 0.01**	0.13 ± 0.03	0.15 ± 0.03	0.06 ± 0.04	0.04 ± 0.03*	0.08 ± 0.01	0.05 ± 0.01
d-Glucose	412 ± 28	853 ± 54*	152 ± 35	383 ± 53**	186 ± 21	183 ± 24	191 ± 54	192 ± 26
Phosphoric acid	0.83 ± 0.51	0.01 ± 0.00*	1.29 ± 0.65	0.14 ± 0.10**	1.33 ± 0.81	0.09 ± 0.01**	1.59 ± 0.23	0.98 ± 0.15
Ethanol	0.29 ± 0.03	0.08 ± 0.01	0.34 ± 0.07	0.33 ± 0.05	1.34 ± 0.51	0.73 ± 0.29*	0.81 ± 0.31	0.37 ± 0.01
Alanine	0.05 ± 0.01	0.09 ± 0.02	0.08 ± 0.02	0.10 ± 0.05	0.11 ± 0.06	0.21 ± 0.01*	0.11 ± 0.01	0.19 ± 0.03
Aspartic acid	1.42 ± 0.18	0.63 ± 0.01*	1.49 ± 0.72	0.68 ± 0.21*	1.30 ± 0.22	0.23 ± 0.10*	2.01 ± 0.22	1.43 ± 0.31
L-5-Oxoproline	0.87 ± 0.23	2.19 ± 0.63**	0.47 ± 0.04	1.54 ± 0.59*	0.34 ± 0.02	0.77 ± 0.18*	0.47 ± 0.21	0.53 ± 0.23
Leucine	0.16 ± 0.09	0.64 ± 0.23**	0.07 ± 0.02	0.98 ± 0.92**	0.11 ± 0.47	0.35 ± 0.06**	0.12 ± 0.07	0.37 ± 0.29
L-Norleucine	0.23 ± 0.17	0.83 ± 0.31	0.08 ± 0.04	2.36 ± 1.26**	0.36 ± 0.01	0.75 ± 0.12	0.26 ± 0.18	0.46 ± 0.44
Serine	0.11 ± 0.04	0.49 ± 0.22**	0.09 ± 0.03	0.38 ± 0.35	0.16 ± 0.23	0.07 ± 0.02	0.11 ± 0.07	0.17 ± 0.21
Valine	0.12 ± 0.06	0.13 ± 0.16	0.04 ± 0.01	0.67 ± 0.06**	0.08 ± 0.05	0.22 ± 0.05**	0.18 ± 0.09	0.33 ± 0.16
L-Phenylalanine	0.10 ± 0.04	0.77 ± 0.27**	0.03 ± 0.01	0.74 ± 0.42**	0.09 ± 0.14	0.24 ± 0.03	0.07 ± 0.04	0.17 ± 0.11
Oleic acid	0.32 ± 0.08	3.45 ± 1.67**	0.17 ± 0.04	2.91 ± 0.09**	0.14 ± 0.06	0.77 ± 0.1**	0.22 ± 0.07	0.36 ± 0.25
linoleic acid	2.01 ± 0.93	3.32 ± 0.73	0.98 ± 0.17	10.06 ± 0.84*	1.39 ± 0.95	8.51 ± 1.9*	2.36 ± 0.67	3.04 ± 0.75
Linoelaidic acid	1.11 ± 0.55	4.23 ± 2.02**	0.56 ± 0.09	4.47 ± 0.28**	0.81 ± 0.55	4.34 ± 0.89**	1.33 ± 0.37	2.95 ± 1.66
Hexadecanoic acid	0.02 ± 0.01	0.36 ± 0.02**	0.01 ± 0.00	0.38 ± 0.06**	0.01 ± 0.00	0.19 ± 0.07**	0.03 ± 0.00	0.38 ± 0.03**
Palmitic acid	8.7 ± 1.6	13.2 ± 1.6*	6.4 ± 1.8	10.1 ± 1.2**	8.9 ± 2.9	10.3 ± 1.5	8.1 ± 1.5	9.1 ± 1.1
Stearic acid	3.86 ± 0.84	11.13 ± 2.27**	5.86 ± 0.48	10.34 ± 1.17**	7.32 ± 1.73	11.62 ± 1.75**	5.40 ± 0.67	5.67 ± 1.38
Methyl stearate	0.03 ± 0.01	0.56 ± 0.18**	0.01 ± 0.00	0.35 ± 0.06**	0.01 ± 0.00	0.24 ± 0.08**	0.03 ± 0.00	0.11 ± 0.09
d-Mannose	0.26 ± 0.09	0.73 ± 0.43*	0.09 ± 0.02	0.24 ± 0.09**	0.25 ± 0.29	0.12 ± 0.04	0.15 ± 0.09	0.24 ± 0.10
Myo-Inositol	3.39 ± 0.48	13.31 ± 1.84**	2.16 ± 0.21	4.46 ± 0.35*	2.30 ± 0.77	2.18 ± 0.15	3.26 ± 0.69	1.43 ± 0.09
L-Rhamnose	0.03 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01**	0.02 ± 0.011	0.04 ± 0.02	0.01 ± 0.03	0.01 ± 0.00	0.05 ± 0.033	0.04 ± 0.02**
Propanoic acid	0.13 ± 0.06	0.00 ± 0.00*	0.63 ± 0.06	0.11 ± 0.01	0.66 ± 0.04	0.46 ± 0.10**	0.53 ± 0.06	0.34 ± 0.04*
Terephthalic acid	0.05 ± 0.01	0.12 ± 0.01**	0.04 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.01	0.04 ± 0.00	0.02 ± 0.00	0.05 ± 0.00	0.08 ± 0.00**
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate	0.67 ± 0.12	1.09 ± 0.19**	0.33 ± 0.08	0.50 ± 0.07**	0.17 ± 0.07	0.28 ± 0.07	0.16 ± 0.14	0.21 ± 0.02
(R)-(-)-2-Amino-1-propanol	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00*	0.00 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00*	0.01 ± 0.00	0.00 ± 0.00*	0.01 ± 0.00	0.01 ± 0.00
Ergosta-5,7,9,22-tetraen-3-ol	0.05 ± 0.05	0.02 ± 0.01	0.03 ± 0.01	0.02 ± 0.01**	0.07 ± 0.06	0.03 ± 0.02	0.08 ± 0.03	0.04 ± 0.02*
Ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol	0.35 ± 0.06	1.31 ± 0.16*	0.31 ± 0.10	0.61 ± 0.14	0.61 ± 0.21	0.64 ± 0.11	0.26 ± 0.09	0.17 ± 0.02
Ergosterol	4.05 ± 0.27	5.40 ± 0.14	3.47 ± 0.64	3.32 ± 0.67	4.45 ± 0.40	2.30 ± 0.43*	4.13 ± 0.19	1.52 ± 0.25
Glycerol	37.5 ± 11.6	30.6 ± 14.0	24.8 ± 2.1	17.3 ± 3.7**	23.9 ± 6.9	13.5 ± 2.5**	23.4 ± 2.2	18.9 ± 10.3

The data represent the contents of metabolites (mg/g DCW) and are presented as the means ± standard deviation. Statistical significance was estimated by t-test. *p < 0.05 compared with the control; **p < 0.01 compared with the control

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