Metabolic mechanism of astaxanthin biosynthesis in Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous in response to sodium citrate treatment

Bioresources and Bioprocessing

Table 3 Relative changes in the cell metabolite abundance when cultured with Na-citrate versus control

Metabolites	Fold change Na-citrate/control*
Metabolites	48 h	72 h	96 h	120 h
TCA cycle
Oxaloacetate	0.48	0.65	0.57	0.99
Succinic acid	0.55	1.5	0.98	1
Fumaric acid	0.81	1.45	1.32	0.8
Citric acid	3.25	2.72	1.22	2.38
Malic acid	1.66	1.18	0.71	0.59
Glycolysis pathway
d-Glucose	2.07	2.52	0.98	1.01
Phosphoric acid	0.01	0.11	0.06	0.62
Ethanol	0.28	0.96	0.55	0.46
Amino acids
Alanine	1.84	1.18	1.93	1.76
Aspartic acid	0.44	0.46	0.17	0.71
L-5-Oxoproline	2.53	3.29	2.23	1.13
Leucine	4.06	14.9	3.36	3.13
L-Norleucine	3.6	28.1	2.06	1.75
Serine	4.51	4	0.41	1.56
Valine	1.09	16	2.69	1.9
L-Phenylalanine	7.48	22.4	2.58	2.4
Fatty acids
Oleic acid	10.8	16.9	5.42	1.61
linoleic acid	1.66	10.27	6.14	1.29
Linoelaidic acid	3.82	7.98	5.34	2.21
Hexadecanoic acid	18.2	38.2	13.4	12.7
Palmitic acid	1.52	1.59	1.16	1.12
Stearic acid	2.89	1.77	1.59	1.05
Methyl stearate	17.3	31.8	18.4	3.24
Sugars
d-Mannose	2.81	2.7	0.49	1.58
Myo-Inositol	3.93	2.07	0.95	0.44
L-Rhamnose	0.73	1.37	0.74	0.67
Organic acids
Propanoic acid	0	0.18	0.7	0.64
Terephthalic acid	2.58	0.95	0.46	1.69
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate	1.64	1.53	1.67	1.34
Others
R)-(-)-2-Amino-1-propanol	0	0.5	0.27	0.71
Ergosta-5,7,9,22-tetraen-3-ol	0.43	0.75	0.43	0.51
Ergosta-7,22-dien-3-ol	3.72	1.99	1.04	0.64
Ergosterol	1.33	0.96	0.52	0.37
Glycerol	0.82	0.7	0.57	0.81

^*Mean fold changes in Na-citrate compared with control. Statistical significance was estimated by t-test (p < 0.01), which is shown as bold values