Table 1 Comparison of different types of pyrolysis

Reaction time (min)

10–2000

1–10

0.5–5

(Bridgwater 2012; Xu et al. 2020)

Heating rate (℃/s)

 < 1

1–1000

 ~ 1000

Reaction temperature (℃)

 < 500

400–500

450–650

Product yields

(bio-oil, biochar, gas)

30 wt%, 35 wt%, 35 wt%

50 wt%, 25 wt%, 25 wt%

75 wt%, 12 wt%, 13 wt%