Table 2 Crude glycerol thermal conversion

Batch pyrolysis

Swine manure

1:3 swine manure:crude glycerol

340 °C for 15 min

Bio-oil

(Cheng et al. 2014b)

Co-gasification

Olive kernel

49 wt%

750–850 °C

Air ratio: 0.2–0.4

Syngas (10.5–52.2)

Bio-oil (2.4–19.5)

Biochar (37.9–78.3)

(Skoulou and Zabaniotou 2013)

Co-gasification

Hardwood chips

20 (wt%)

850 °C

Air ratio: 0.293

CO (19.73 % v)

CH₄ (3.82 % v)

H₂ (19.38 % v)

CO₂ (11.67 % v)

(Wei et al. 2011)

Pyrolysis

Greek lignite

15–20 wt%

850 °C

H₂ (65.44 v/v %)

(Manara and Zabaniotou 2013)

Slow co-pyrolysis

Corn straw

1:1 glycerol:corn straw

30 °C/min, 550 °C

Syngas (25 %)

Bio-oil (55 %)

Biochar (15 %)

(Delgado et al. 2013)

Co-gasification

Physic nut waste (pnw)

Palm shell waste (psw)

30 %

700–900 °C

Air ratio: 0–0.6

pnw Syngas (95.41 wt%)

psw Syngas (94.70 wt%)

(Sricharoenchaikul and Atong 2012)

Pyrolysis

Olive kernel

25 wt%

720 °C

H₂ (45 %)

(Skoulou et al. 2012)

Microwave plasma gasification

–

100 %

Air ratio: 0–0.4

2 kW microwave generator

H₂ (57 %)

CO (35 %)

(Yoon et al. 2013)

Catalytic supercritical water gasification

–

30 wt% glycerol

600 °C at 300 bar

H₂,

CO,

CO₂,

CH₄

(Tapah et al. 2014)

Supercritical water gasification

–

7 wt%

500 °C, 45 MPa

H₂ (27.9 %)

(Yang et al. 2013)

Gasification

–

60 %

950–1500 °C

H₂ (38–42 %)

CO (39–41 %)

CO₂ (9–15 %)

CH₄ (1–3 %)

(Yoon et al. 2010)