Reactional ultrasonic systems and microwave irradiation for pretreatment of agro-industrial waste to increase enzymatic activity

Bioresources and Bioprocessing

Table 2 Keratinolytic activity after pretreatment in an ultrasonic probe and without pretreatment at 3, 6 and 9 days, as well as the percentage of degradation obtained at the end of the fermentation process

Swine hair	Enzymatic activity (U mL⁻¹)			Degradation (%)
Swine hair	3 days	6 days	9 days	Degradation (%)
Pretreatment by ultrasonic probe
Micropoint	38.8 ± 5.3^a	81.0 ± 5.2^a	55.7 ± 3.0^a	31.8 ± 1.1^a
Macropoint	50.8 ± 5.3^b	39.5 ± 4.8^b	43.8 ± 1.1^b	45.5 ± 0.8^b
Without pretreatment	25.0 ± 5.6^a	82.2 ± 9.4^a	75.2 ± 3.2^c	36.3 ± 4.0^a

Equal lowercase letters do not differ from each other by the Tukey test on the column