Fig.1
From: Ferulic acid production by metabolically engineered Escherichia coli
Construction of a heterologous FA biosynthesis pathway in E. coli (A). Tyrosine ammonia-lyase (TAL) catalyzes the non-oxidative deamination of the primary amino acid tyrosine into p-coumaric acid, which is converted into caffeic acid through hydroxylation at the 3-position of the benzyl ring by the p-coumarate 3-hydroxylase (SAM5). Finally, FA is biosynthesized from caffeic acid by the enzyme caffeate O-methyltransferase (COMT). Schematic representation of the FA biosynthesis pathway (B). NADPH and SAM regenerating enzymes used to increase FA production (C)