Fig. 6

Overview of strategies for engineering of cellular systems in heterologous biosynthesis. A Two-stage cultivation is employed to maintain normal cell growth while maximizing pigment production, in which environmental signals (like temperature, light, pH and oxygen) and intra-/inter-cellular signals (like QS system) are used as inducers to trigger the switch-on and switch-off of gene expression. B Co-culture engineering provides an alternative approach for efficient pathway engineering via dividing the complex long pathways into several pathway sections in different strains