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The effect of deep eutectic solvents on the asymmetric hydrolysis of styrene oxide by mung bean epoxide hydrolases

Abstract

Background

Deep eutectic solvents have attracted considerable attention in numerous fields. There is little information on mung bean epoxide hydrolase-catalyzed epoxides in deep eutectic solvent-containing system.

Results

Adding deep eutectic solvents with hydrogen bond donor of acids to phosphate buffer resulted in an obvious decrease in the optical purity of product; nevertheless, the relative slight change was observed by the addition of the deep eutectic solvents with hydrogen bond donor of alcohols and urea. Of the tested deep eutectic solvents, 10% additional amount of choline chloride/trithylene glycol can cause a significant improvement in the enantiopurity of product, from 83.2 ± 1.3% to 87.9 ± 0.3%. Moreover, with the increase in the addition amount of choline chloride/triethylene glycol from 10 to 30%, the enantiomeric excess of product enhanced from 87.9 to 94%, but a decline of product yield was observed. Finally, the evaluation of enzyme stability showed that the additional amount from 10% to 30% was not beneficial to the activity recovery.

Conclusion

In short, adding choline chloride/triethylene glycol contributes to the improvement in the optical purity of (R)-1-phenyl-1, 2-ethanediol in the catalysis of styrene oxide by mung bean epoxide hydrolases; meanwhile, the enzyme immobilization could be essential.

Background

There is no doubt that chiral pure epoxides and vicinal diols have an important role in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, pesticides and cosmetics (Hwang et al. 2008; Kotik et al. 2005; Xu et al. 2006). Glycidyl phenyl ether is a vital drug intermediate for the preparing aryloxy propanolamines (Bala et al. 2010). Among them, (S)-glycidyl phenyl ether is an important raw material for the synthesis of β-adrenergic receptor blockers by selective nucleophilic addition of amines to a single epoxide enantiomer (Gong and Xu 2005). Chiral styrene glycol, namely (S) or (R)-1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol (PED), is used as a crucial and multipurpose chiral building block for synthesis of pharmaceuticals, pesticides and liquid crystal materials (Chen et al. 2012a). (R)-PED is a vital synthon for the synthesis of chiral β-adrenergic receptor blockers, antiarrhythmic drugs, and (S)-PED can be employed for the synthesis of production of chiral bisphosphines and the chiral initiator of selective polymerization (Nie et al. 2004). In many methods for the synthesis of vicinal diols, epoxide hydrolases are often applied to catalyze the asymmetric hydrolysis of epoxides because of economy and convenience (Yu et al. 2013). However, the poor solubility of epoxides in aqueous buffer system is the general issue due to the lipophilic oxiranes (Simeó and Faber 2006). In addition, another disadvantageous for the asymmetric hydrolysis of epoxides is that epoxides are susceptible to non-enzymatic hydrolysis, resulting in low enantiomeric purity or yield of the product (Chen et al. 2012b). To overcome the above shortcomings, organic solvents and co-solvents are used in the catalysis of epoxides to vicinal diols. For example, compared to an aqueous monophasic system, a biphasic reaction system composed of n-hexane and phosphate buffer not only controlled the non-enzymatic hydrolysis of styrene oxide (SO) achieving better optical purity of the product, but also increased the maximum reaction concentration of the substrate from 5 to 20 mM (Chen et al. 2011, 2012b). At the same time, adding a small amount of hydrophilic ionic liquid as co-solvent can increase the stability of the mung bean epoxide hydrolases (mEHs) and the solubility of the reaction substrate in the buffer (Chen et al. 2011, 2012b). However, there are certain industrial restrictions on the use of organic solvents as reaction solvents because of volatility and toxicity. To overcome the drawbacks of organic solvents, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as new green solvents have emerged at early this century.

Over decades, many studies have shown that the conventional ionic liquids, with excellent properties, such as low melting point, less volatility and preferable biocompatibility, can be used for biocatalytic reaction to obtain better product yield and purity. DESs are generally the molten liquids by the hydrogen bond interaction among two or three relatively cheap and safe components (Lu et al. 2016; Flores-Ferrándiz and Chinchilla 2017; Zhang et al. 2012). Up to now, DESs have exhibited their application potential because of the advantages of low cost, environmental friendliness, low vapor pressure, low melting point and easy degradation (Flores-Ferrándiz and Chinchilla 2017; Lobo et al. 2012a, b). In fact, many reports have shown that deep eutectic solvents can be employed in dissolution and separation (Lu et al. 2016; Radošević et al. 2016), organic synthesis (Gore et al. 2011), electrochemistry (Zhang et al. 2012) and catalytic reactions (Cao et al. 2016; Gorke et al. 2008; Harifi-Mood et al. 2017; Xu et al. 2015a; Yang and Duan 2016). DESs can be used as not only the co-solvent but also the main reaction medium. With addition of choline chloride/ethylene glycol, choline chloride/glycerol and N,N-diethyl ethanol ammonium chloride/ethylene glycol in the volume ratio of 40%, the activity of lipase for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl palmitate to p-nitrophenol was increased by 230, 180 and 170%, respectively (Juneidi et al. 2017). In addition, lipase catalyzed the above reaction with enhancement of 2.6 times in the activity in the presence of choline/ethylene glycol containing 4% water than phosphate buffer (Juneidi et al. 2017). Another work has shown that the presence of water is important to increase activity and conversion in a reaction (Guajardo et al. 2017). In 2010, Lindberg et al. (2010) testified that DESs were beneficial for increasing substrate concentrates and enhancing the regioselectivity of potato epoxide hydrolase. However, to this day, no information on the hydrolysis of styrene oxide (SO) to (R)-PED by mEHs in the solution containing DESs was reported. Therefore, in the study, we described the effect of several DESs on the synthesis of (R)-PED from SO by mEHs (shown in Scheme 1).

Scheme 1
scheme 1

Asymmetric hydrolysis of SO to (R)-PED by mEHs

Methods

Materials

Mung beans were purchased from a local supermarket in Guangzhou. Racemic PED and SO were purchased from Guangzhou Qiyun bioscience Co. Ltd. All other reagents used to synthesize DESs were of analytical grade and were from commercial sources. The preparation of DESs was referenced by previous literature (Zhao et al. 2015). Briefly, choline chloride and hydrogen bond donor were mixed at a fixed molar ratio at 80 °C for appropriately 2 h until the formation of a stable homogeneous liquid. All DESs were further dried in a vacuum oven at 70 °C for 48 h.

Preparation and activity assay of crude mEHs

According to previous publications with suitable modification (Chen et al. 2012a, b), the mung beans (100 g) were ground to a fine paste after soaked in distilled water (1 L) for 12 h and peeled. The paste was then suspended in 300 mL Tris–HCl buffer (50 mM, pH 7.0) and stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. Next, the suspension was centrifuged (7900 rpm, 4 °C) for 30 min and the sediment was discarded. Actamaster (49.2 g) was added to the supernatant at a gradual rate. After stirring at 0 °C for 20 min and standing for 30 min, the mixture was centrifuged (7900 rpm, 4 °C) for 30 min and the sediment was discarded. The operation of adding actamaster (33.2 g) was repeated. Finally, the yellow sediment was achieved, and some Tris–HCl was added to the sediment to obtain the enzyme suspension.

The activity of enzyme was defined as the amount of enzyme to produce 1 μmoL PED in a minute. The above enzyme liquid (50 μL) prepared was added to phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 6.5, 3.95 mL), following addition of SO (5 mM, final concentration) to start the reaction. After catalyzing for 15 min, samples were withdrawn and addition of hexane was used for wiping off the residual SO because of none-enzymatic hydrolysis. The amount of PED was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

Effect of various DESs on mEHs-catalyzed SO

In the typical experiment, 4 mL of DES–buffer reaction system was consisted of phosphate buffer (3.0 mL, 100 mM, pH 6.5), DES (0.4 mL) and enzyme liquid (0.6 mL, 1.92 U). The injection of SO (5 mM, final concentration) triggered the reaction after DES–buffer system incubated for 15 min in a water-bath shaker. The catalytical reaction was conducted at 35 °C, 180 rpm. Periodically, samples were withdrawn to analyze enantiopurity and yield of product.

The non-enzymatic hydrolysis rate of SO was determined after incubation at 35 °C, 180 rpm for 1 h in 4 mL of enzyme-free systems, which pH was also measured by pH meter. The enzyme-free systems (4 mL) contained phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 6.5), Tris–HCl buffer (0.6 mL, 50 mM, pH 7.0) and DESs (0 or 0.4 mL).

Asymmetric hydrolysis of SO and stability of mEHs in various ChCl/TEG concentrations

The impact of ChCl/TEG at the concentrations varied from 10 to 40% (v/v) on the asymmetric hydrolysis of SO by mEHs was investigated. In short, injection of SO (5 mM) started the reactions at 35 °C and 180 rpm after the previously prepared reaction systems reached to 35 °C. Periodically, samples were taken for analysis of enantiopurity and yield of product.

The reservation in the activity of mEHs-catalyzed SO was used to evaluate the effect of ChCl/TEG on the stability of enzyme. In short, 0.6 mL mEHs solution was added to 3.4 mL phosphate buffer containing various concentrations of ChCl/TEG and the mixtures were incubated for 0 or 12 h at 35 °C, 180 rpm. Then, SO (5 mM, final concentration) was injected into the systems to trigger the reaction. After 15 min, samples were taken for analyzing the activation of crude enzyme liquid by HPLC.

Analytical methods

Analysis on the enantiopurity of product was carried out using a Shimadzu 2010 GC equipped with a flame ionization detector and a chiral column, 10% permethylated β-cyclodextrin (30 m × 0.25 mm, Hewlett-Packard, USA). Its concentration was analyzed by Waters 1525 HPLC equipped with a UV detector at 215 nm. The column was a Zorbax Extend-C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm, Agilent, USA) kept temperature at 35 °C. An isocratic elution was used, water and methanol (70/30, v/v) with a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. All experiments were conducted at least in duplicate, and the values were expressed as the mean ± standard error.

Results and discussion

The effects of different DESs on the asymmetric hydrolysis of SO

We tested the effect of DESs-based on ChCl and different hydrogen bond donors on the asymmetric hydrolysis of SO because of the exciting results with addition of DESs in biocatalysis, for example, higher enantioselectivity and yield of product. As shown in Table 1, the comparative excellent enantiopurities of product were obtained when the DESs, except those using acids as hydrogen bond donor, were added as co-solvent in the phosphate buffer. In addition, there was a slight difference in yield of (R)-PED in the systems containing DESs. We further measured the pH of DESs-containing buffer (shown in Fig. 1), for the poor enantiopurity of (R)-PED when acids were used as hydrogen bond donor. Significant decrease in pH values and rapid non-enzymatic hydrolysis of SO were observed after addition of 10% DESs using acids as hydrogen bond donor to the phosphate buffer (100 mM, pH 6.5). Hence, we believed that the main reasons causing unpromising enantiopurity of (R)-PED when using these acid DESs as co-solvent were easily none-enzymatic hydrolysis of SO and deactivation of enzyme at low pH value. Similarly, using red mung bean epoxide hydrolase for stereoselectivity catalysis of racemic SO to (R)-PED achieved an obvious decease in conversion from more than 40% at pH 7.5 to less than 30% at pH 6.0 because of deactivation of the enzyme (Kamble and Yadav 2017). Thus, DESs consisting of acids as HBD could be unsuitable for biocatalysis because of low pH, which is enough to cause inactivation of the biocatalyst.

Table 1 Effect of various DESs on asymmetric hydrolysis of SO by mEHs
Fig. 1
figure 1

Effect of various DESs on pH of buffers and non-enzymatic hydrolysis of SO

In the presence of DESs with urea and polyols as HBD except ChCl/1,4-butanediol, optical purity of (R)-PED had slight difference from that in the DES-free system, and slight higher enantiopurities of (R)-PED were obtained when using ChCl/urea or ChCl/TEG as the co-solvent. Similarly, the addition of DESs using urea and polyols as hydrogen bond donor to phosphate buffer lead to slight changes in pH value (pH 6.48–6.65 vs pH 6.42). In addition, the comparatively slight changes (0.48–0.92 mM/h vs 0.56 mM/h) in non-enzymatic hydrolysis of epoxide were displayed in DES-containing solutions with urea or polyols as HBD. The results above, for the tested DESs, indicate that non-enzymatic hydrolysis of the epoxide in DES-containing buffer depends on not only the pH of reaction system but also the co-solvent of DES. For instance, the improvement in the solubility of SO was observed after adding small amount of co-solvent so as to inhibit the natural hydrolysis of the substrate (Chen et al. 2011). Besides, the hydrophily of DESs allows them to structurally tie up water molecules to change catalytically active confirmation of enzyme (Zhao et al. 2011).

The effects of DES concentration on epoxide catalysis by mEHs

Similar to ionic liquids, DESs can affect structure and function of biomolecules, for example, by hydrogen bond, polarity and hydrophily, so that change their activities. With the increase of DES concentration, the change in tertiary and secondary structure of beef liver catalase leads to the decrease of activity (Harifi-Mood et al. 2017).

In the further work, we studied the effect of ChCl/TEG concentrations on the yield and enantiopurity of (R)-PED by the asymmetric hydrolysis of SO because of a slightly better optical purity of the product achieved. As illustrated in Fig. 2a, there was no significant difference in the initial reaction rate among DES concentrations tested from 10 to 30%. However, the decrease in the yield of product was observed with the increase in ChCl/TEG concentration. In comparison to the phosphate buffer without DES, addition of 10% ChCl/TEG caused slight difference in the yield of product even better yield. Moreover, 30% of DES as co-solvent resulted in a prolonged reaction time. These results suggest that low dosage of ChCl/TEG, such as 10%, has slight impact on the activity of mEHs, and excessive dosage of ChCl/TEG has a negative effect on the activity of mEHs.

Fig. 2
figure 2

Effect of the volume ratio of ChCl/TEG to buffer on mEHs-catalyzed asymmetric hydrolysis of SO. a Yield of product; b product e.e. value

As depicted in Fig. 2b, injection of the DES in various concentrations tested was beneficial for improving the product optical purity. After 2 h of catalytical reaction, a highest enantiopurity of 94% was achieved in the reaction system containing 20% of ChCl/TEG. Further increasing the concentration of DES leaded to a slightly poor optical purity of product (92% at 3 h). The slightly lower enantiopurity of product could be accounted for a subtle change in the microenvironment of enzyme. In addition, the enantiopurity of the product decreased with the prolongation of reaction time in DES-containing solutions tested, likely due to non-enzymatic hydrolysis of SO.

Compared to other publications using DES as co-solvent in the biocatalysis, many delightful results exerted on the improvement of reaction rate, not the enantioselectivity. For instance, Gorke et al. (2008) reported that the co-solvent DES (ChCl/glycerol) had a great influence on the activity but not on the enantioselectivity in the catalysis of styrene oxide by epoxide hydrolase. Moreover, our previous work also indicated that the addition of DES, ChCl/urea, can improve the catalytic activity of Acetobacter sp. CCTCC m209061 in the 3-chloropropiophenone to (S)-3-chloro-1-phenylpropanol (Xu et al. 2015b). However, in the present work, an increase in the concentration of DES favored enantioselectivity of mEHs, but decreased the performance of the reaction, suggesting there was a compromise between yield and enantioselectivity.

The effects of DES on the activity of enzyme

Previous publication described that, in all ChCl-based DES aqueous systems, horseradish peroxidase at low DES concentration keeps as actively as in the DES-free solution. And further study on circular dichroism spectroscopy proved that DESs examined were able to increase α-helix content for the enzyme so as to improve its stability (Wu et al. 2014).

The changes in activity of mEHs were displayed in various concentrations of DES (shown in Fig. 3). The activity of mEHs-catalyzed SO to (R)-PED markedly dropped when adding DES to aqueous solution in no incubation group and a further decrease in the activity of mEHs was observed after 6 h of incubation. Calculably, the remaining activity of mEHs decreased with the increase of ChCl/TEG concentration after 6 h of incubation. The results suggest that the co-solvent of ChCl/TEG exerts a negative effect on the activity and stability of mEHs. Likewise, the increase in DES concentration lead to decrease of the half-lives of potato epoxide hydrolase activity (Lindberg et al. 2010).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Effect of the volume ratio of CHCl/TEG to buffer on activity and stability of mEHs-catalyzed asymmetric hydrolysis of SO

Conclusions

We have investigated the effect of various DESs on asymmetric hydrolysis of styrene oxide to (R)-phenyl glycol by mung bean epoxide hydrolases. A disadvantage of DESs using acids as hydrogen bond donor limits DESs’ application in the catalysis of epoxides even in other biosynthesis because of comparative strong acidity. An improvement of enantiopurity of (R)-PED by the asymmetric hydrolysis of SO, using mEHs as biocatalyst, can be achieved with the phosphate buffer containing low level of ChCl/TEG, such as 10–20%. Also, ChCl/TEG has a negative effect on the stability of mEHs. We suggested that the future work could be focused on the improvement of mEHs stability. Further works could focus on the introduction of immobilization technology to enhance the stability of enzyme.

Abbreviations

DESs:

deep eutectic solvents

ChCl/TEG:

choline chloride/triethylene glycol

e.e.:

enantiomeric excess

HBD:

hydrogen bond donor

PED:

1-phenyl-1,2-ethanediol

mEHs:

mung bean epoxide hydrolases

SO:

styrene oxide

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Authors’ contributions

Conceived and designed the experiments: FP, WYL, MHZ. Performed the experiments: FP and YZ. Analyzed the data: FP and YZ. Wrote the paper: FP, WYL and FZL. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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We wish to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21676104; 21336002; 21376096), the Open Funding Project of the State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, and the Program of State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering (2017ZD05) for partially funding this work.

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Peng, F., Zhao, Y., Li, FZ. et al. The effect of deep eutectic solvents on the asymmetric hydrolysis of styrene oxide by mung bean epoxide hydrolases. Bioresour. Bioprocess. 5, 5 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-018-0191-y

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