Skip to main content
Bioresources and Bioprocessing
Download PDF

Co-immobilization of laccase and TEMPO onto amino-functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and its application in acid fuchsin decolorization

Bioresources and Bioprocessing volume 5, Article number: 27 (2018) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Laccase, a multicopper oxidase that catalyzes the oxidation of phenols, aromatic amines, and benzenethiols, has attracted much attention in applications of organic synthesis, bioremediation, and pulp/textile bleaching. However, free laccases cannot be recycled and are easily inactivated in diverse environmental conditions. Enzyme immobilization is a promising strategy to improve stability, resistance to extreme conditions, and reusability of laccase.

Results

In this study, amino-functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized for co-immobilization of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) and laccase by glutaraldehyde cross-linking method. The magnetic nanoparticles were characterized with FTIR, XRD and VSM. Cyclic voltammetry was carried out to verify electrochemical behaviors of the co-immobilized laccase and TEMPO nanoparticles. When the co-immobilized laccase and TEMPO nanoparticles were used to decolorize acid fuchsin, the maximum decolorization rate of 77.41% was obtained with the ratio of TEMPO to laccase being 0.3 mM/g:120 U/g.

Conclusion

The co-immobilized nanoparticles retained above 50% residual activity after eight cycles of operation, which presented an approach to develop a co-immobilized laccase and mediator system for potential industrial application.

Background

Laccase (benzenediol:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.10.3.2) is a multicopper oxidase and widely discovers from many plants, insects, and fungi (Mate and Alcalde 2017). It contains four copper atoms in its catalytic center and catalyzes the oxidation of phenols, polyphenols, polyamines, and benzenethiols by reducing molecular oxygen to water (Chao et al. 2017; Su et al. 2018; Mate and Alcalde 2015). In the past years, laccases have attracted much attention and been used in various applications, including organic synthesis, bioremediation, pulp bleaching, and biofuel production (Jeon and Chang 2013; Kudanga and Le Roes-Hill 2014). However, free laccases cannot be recycled and are easily inactivated in diverse environmental conditions, which limit their further use in industry.

Immobilization is a promising strategy to improve stability, resistance to extreme conditions, and reusability of laccase (Ba and Kumar 2017). So far, laccase has been successfully immobilized with several methods, including entrapment, encapsulation, adsorption, covalent binding, and self-immobilization (Ba et al. 2013; Fernández-Fernández et al. 2013). Although the stability of the immobilized laccase against temperature, organic solvents, pH, storage, and operation has been greatly improved, the activity recovery is not always satisfactory. In addition, the ability of laccase to catalyze recalcitrant compounds is limited for its low redox potential. This can be overcome by establishing laccase mediator system (LMS) (Jeon and Chang 2013; Mogharabi and Faramarzi 2014). 2,2′-Azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 1-hydroxybenzo-triazole (HBT), and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) are usually used as mediators to transfer electrons from substrate to laccase. However, these mediators are usually expensive and difficult to recover from reaction mixture, which hampers the applications of LMS. Attempts have been made to immobilize mediators to recycle them. Machado et al. (2015) reported the immobilization of 4-hydroxy-TEMPO on mesoporous silica using 1,4-diisocyanatobutane as the linking agent. Tucker-Schwartz et al. (2010) employed iron oxide (Fe3O4) superparamagnetic nanoparticles to immobilize TEMPO with strong metal-oxide-chelating phosphonates and azide/alkyne “click” chemistry. The resultant TEMPO-coated nanoparticles, with good TEMPO loading, can be used to efficiently catalyze the oxidation of a wide range of alcohols.

In recent years, magnetic nanoparticles have attracted widespread attention because of their large surface areas, nontoxicity, magnetic properties, and biocompatibility. As a support material, magnetic nanoparticles can be rapidly separated from solution by the application of an external magnetic field rather than by centrifugation, and they have been deemed to be efficient carriers for enzyme immobilization (Ansari and Husain 2012; Can et al. 2009; Torres-Salas et al. 2011; Xin et al. 2010). Ren et al. have successfully immobilized lipase onto magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles via a biomimetic coating, which significantly improved its thermal and pH stability (Ren et al. 2011). Aminated magnetic mesoporous silica, (Fe3O4@MSS)-NH2, was synthesized to immobilize laccase using covalent cross-linking methods (Huang et al. 2014). 2,4-Dichlorophenol was degraded by the immobilized laccase with a removal efficiency of 88%, and 61.5% activity was remained after five cycles of operation. Zheng et al. (2012) prepared magnetic silica composite particles functionalized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) for laccase immobilization with the activity recovery of 83.9%.

In the present study, we reported a system that co-immobilizes laccase and mediator, allowing the simultaneous reuse of both laccase and the mediator. Magnetic nanoparticles were successfully prepared and modified with 3-amino-propyltriethoxysilane (APTES) to introduce abundant amine groups onto their surfaces. Then, laccase and 4-amino-TEMPO were efficiently co-immobilized onto the amino-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles, using glutaraldehyde as the cross-linking agent. Finally, the decolorization of acid fuchsin, a triphenylmethane dye, by the co-immobilized laccase mediator system was conducted to evaluate the stability and efficiency for its potential future applications.

Methods

Materials

Laccase (EC 1.10.3.2 from Trametes versicolor, 13.6U/mg) and ABTS were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA). APTES, 4-amino-TEMPO, glutaraldehyde (25%, v/v, aqueous solution), Coomassie Brilliant Blue, bovine serum albumin, acid fuchsin and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with 1750 ± 50 of polymerization and 98% of degree of hydrolysis were from Aladdin Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China). All other chemicals were of analytical grade unless otherwise mentioned.

Preparation and characterization of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles

Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized with the co-precipitation method and further modified with amino groups according to the method reported previously (Yamaura et al. 2004). First, 1.04 g of FeCl3·6H2O and 0.4 g of FeCl2·4H2O were dissolved in 10 mL deionized water, and 25 mL NaOH solution (3.0 M) was added to the mixture with vigorously stirring at 70 °C. After 30 min reaction, by applying an external magnetic field, the resultant Fe3O4 nanoparticles were collected and washed several times with deionized water until pH 7.0. The FTIR spectra of the nanoparticles were recorded on a Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (Thermo, USA). The XRD spectra of the nanoparticles were analyzed with D8 Advance XRD (Bruker, Switzerland). VSM (EV7, ADE Technologies) was used to record the magnetic susceptibility of the nanoparticles.

Co-immobilization of laccase and TEMPO

The procedure of co-immobilization of laccase and TEMPO onto amino-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles was briefly described as follows (Scheme 1). The nanoparticles were modified with APTES via a silanization reaction to form the amino-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Reza et al. 2010). The procedure involved the addition of 40 mL of 10% APTES in water to the magnetite suspension with glycerol (pH 4.0, adjusted with glacial acetic acid), and heating at 90 °C for 3.0 h with continuous stirring. The resultant amino-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles were washed three times with deionized water, dried under vacuum, and stored before use. Then, 100 mg of nanoparticles was suspended in 10 mL of 15% glutaraldehyde solution in pH 6.0, 0.1 M acetate buffer, and the suspension was kept under mild stirring at 25 °C for 12 h. The suspension was collected and washed three times with deionized water and stored under 4 °C. Thereafter, 100 mg of nanoparticles activated with glutaraldehyde, as described above, was added to 10 mL of acetate buffer (0.1 M, pH 4.5) containing a certain amount of laccase and 4-amino-TEMPO. The suspension was shaken at 120 rpm for several hours to produce nanoparticles carrying co-immobilized laccase and TEMPO. The resultant nanoparticles were washed several times with acetate buffer and collected to store under 4 °C.

Scheme 1
scheme 1

The process of co-immobilization of laccase and TEMPO onto amino-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles

Full size image

The amount of TEMPO attached onto the nanoparticles was measured spectrophotometrically, monitoring the changes in the 4-amino-TEMPO concentration before and after the reaction as the changes in the absorbance at a wavelength of 230 nm (A230) with a UV–Vis spectrophotometer (Thermo/GENESYS 10S, USA).

Electrochemical analysis

The modified glassy carbon (GC) electrodes were used as a working electrode with an Ag/AgCl as reference electrode and a Pt wire as a counter electrode, respectively. The glassy carbon electrodes were modified as follows: 5 mg of immobilized laccase and co-immobilized laccase and TEMPO was mixed with 100 μL of 0.3% PVA solution to produce PVA/Fe3O4-Laccase and PVA/Fe3O4-Laccase–TEMPO colloids, respectively. The surface of GC electrodes (5 mm in diameter) was polished thoroughly with Al2O3 (0.05 μm) by rinsing thoroughly with distilled water. Then, 10 μL PVA/Fe3O4-Laccase and PVA/Fe3O4-Laccase–TEMPO colloids solutions were dropped on the surface of pretreated electrodes and allowed to dry under ambient condition at 4 °C, respectively. After the modified electrodes were rinsed with distilled water twice or thrice, PVA/Fe3O4-Laccase and PVA/Fe3O4-Laccase–TEMPO modified GC electrodes were obtained. Experiments of cyclic voltammetry were run in a three-electrode system (PGSTAT302N, Metrohm, Switzerland) at a scan rate of 50 mV/s in pH 4.5 acetate butter solution containing 0.1 mM catechol.

Decolorization of acid fuchsin

The reaction cycle catalyzed by the co-immobilized laccase and TEMPO is shown in Scheme 2. Acid fuchsin was selected as the model dye to test the activity of the co-immobilized laccase and TEMPO. Nanoparticles (100 mg) carrying co-immobilized laccase and TEMPO were added to an acid fuchsin solution (50 mg/L, pH 4.5, 100 mL), which was then stirred at 40 °C. During the process of decolorization, the concentrations of the sample solutions were determined every 2 h by detecting A540 with a UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The decolorization rate D was calculated with the equation:

$$D = (A_{ 0} - A_{\text{t}} ) /A_{ 0} \times 1 0 0$$

where A0 is the initial A540 and At is A540 after various time intervals. The nanoparticles used for dye decolorization were run for 10 cycles to test their reusability. At the end of each cycle, the nanoparticles were separated magnetically and washed several times with acetate buffer (0.1 M), then the next cycle was commenced.

Scheme 2
scheme 2

The reaction cycle catalyzed by the co-immobilized laccase and TEMPO

Full size image

Assay of enzyme activity

The activity of the immobilized laccase was determined with ABTS as the substrate (Bourbonnais et al. 1998). The change in the amount of ABTS was measured with a UV spectrophotometer at 420 nm. One unit of laccase activity was defined as the amount of enzyme required to oxidize 1 μM of substrate per minute. The activity recovery R (percent) of the immobilized laccase was calculated with the equation:

$$R = A_{\text{i}} /A_{\text{f}} \times 1 0 0$$

where Ai is the activity (units) of the immobilized laccase and Af is the activity (units) of the same amount of free laccase immobilized on the support.

Results and discussion

Characterization of amino-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles

The FTIR spectra of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and amino-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles were determined to confirm the presence of terminal amino group on the functionalized nanoparticles. The peaks at 580, 3417, and 1626 cm−1 in Fig. 1a were assigned to Fe–O stretching vibration, O–H stretching, and O–H deformation, respectively (Alba et al. 1996; Lü et al. 2003; Peng et al. 2004). The significant peak appeared at 999 cm−1 in Fig. 1b, which was corresponded with Si–O stretching, was related to the silanization reaction (Hu et al. 2009). The strong absorption band at 3394 cm−1 in Fig. 1b was probably attributable to the free amino groups and overlapped by the O–H stretching vibration (Hu et al. 2015). Therefore, it can be speculated that amine groups have been successfully introduced onto the surfaces of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles by silanization reaction.

Fig. 1
figure 1

FTIR spectra of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (a) and amino-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles (b). The strong absorption at 3394 cm−1 in b was probably attributable to the free amino groups and overlapped by the O–H stretching vibration

Full size image

The XRD spectra of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and amino-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles are shown in Fig. 2. The characteristic peaks of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles and amino-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles were distinguishable and consistent with the standard pattern for Fe3O4 (Rocktotpal et al. 2009), which indicated that the crystalline structure was not altered by particle modification.

Fig. 2
figure 2

X-ray diffraction patterns of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (a) and amino-functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (b)

Full size image

As shown in Fig. 3, the hysteresis loop of the magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and amino-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles revealed a ferromagnetic behavior and the remanence and coercive force was very small, almost near to zero, closing to superparamagnetism with the saturated magnetic intensity value of 41.81 and 41.77 emu/g, respectively.

Fig. 3
figure 3

VSM images of magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (a) and amino-functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles (b). The hysteresis loop of the both nanoparticles revealed a ferromagnetic behavior and the remanence and coercive force was near to zero

Full size image

Cyclic voltammetry of PVA/Fe3O4-Laccase GC and PVA/Fe3O4-Laccase–TEMPO modified GC electrodes

Cyclic voltammetry was carried out to study the electrochemical behaviors of PVA/Fe3O4-Laccase and PVA/Fe3O4-Laccase–TEMPO modified GC electrodes (Fig. 4). They both had redox behaviors in pH 4.5 acetate buffer in the presence of 0.1 mM catechol. However, the anodic peak potential of PVA/Fe3O4-Laccase–TEMPO modified GC electrode shifted to a more positive value and the cathodic peak potential shifted to a lower negative direction. Moreover, the catalytic current of PVA/Fe3O4-Laccase–TEMPO modified GC electrode was larger than PVA/Fe3O4-Laccase modified GC electrode. These demonstrated that TEMPO immobilized on Fe3O4 played an important role during the electron transfer between electrode and immobilized enzyme, which indicated that TEMPO was successfully immobilized on carriers. It might lead electrons of the substrate to the redox centers of laccase and improve the catalytic activity of laccase (Wei et al. 2008; Zhao et al. 2002).

Fig. 4
figure 4

Cyclic voltammetry of PVA/Fe3O4-Laccase–TEMPO GC (a) and PVA/Fe3O4-Laccase GC (b). The anodic peak potential of PVA/Fe3O4-Laccase–TEMPO modified GC electrode shifted to a more positive value and the cathodic peak potential shifted to a lower negative direction

Full size image

Effect of TEMPO on the decolorization of acid fuchsin by the immobilized laccase

As can be observed in Fig. 5, acid fuchsin cannot be decolorized well by the immobilized laccase or immobilized TEMPO separately. However, we found that the co-immobilized laccase and TEMPO showed a great capacity for decolorization of acid fuchsin, which showed a 68.8% decolorization rate after 16 h. Results further confirmed that the laccase and TEMPO had been successfully co-immobilized onto the magnetic nanoparticles. The possible reason why the immobilized laccase or immobilized TEMPO cannot decolorize acid fuchsin well is due to the substrate bearing a large structure or high redox potential. While in the case of the co-immobilized laccase and TEMPO, this limitation had been overcome with the addition of mediator TEMPO. TEMPO can act as an intermediate substrate for the laccase to react with acid fuchsin at a high redox potential oxidized radical form (Riva 2006).

Fig. 5
figure 5

Decolorization of acid fuchsin by different Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The co-immobilized laccase and TEMPO showed a 68.8% decolorization rate for acid fuchsin after 16 h of reaction

Full size image

Effect of the ratio of TEMPO to laccase on the co-immobilized laccase and TEMPO

The investigations were conducted with various ratios of TEMPO to laccase to achieve the co-immobilization and the resulting co-immobilized beads were characterized by decolorizing acid fuchsin. The amount of laccase and TEMPO immobilized onto the support played a decisive role in the decolorization of acid fuchsin. TEMPO can be oxidized to stable radicals by laccase, oxidizing the dye molecules, which are not a natural substrate of laccase. The N–OH functionality of the mediator is related to the increase in dye decolorization by LMS system (Claus et al. 2002). As shown in Fig. 6, the decolorization rate of acid fuchsin increased with the rise of the amount of laccase and TEMPO. The maximum decolorization rate of 77.41% was obtained when the ratio of TEMPO to laccase was 0.3 mM/g:120 U/g. However, excess TEMPO did not improve the decolorization of acid fuchsin by co-immobilized laccase and TEMPO. This is probably because excess mediator would produce large amounts of free radicals, which might harm the enzyme and, thus, hinder decolorization (Mirzadeh et al. 2014).

Fig. 6
figure 6

Effect of the ratio of TEMPO to laccase on the co-immobilized laccase and TEMPO. The maximum decolorization rate of 77.41% was obtained when the ratio of TEMPO to laccase was 0.3 mM/g:120 U/g

Full size image

Reusability of the co-immobilized laccase and TEMPO onto Fe3O4 nanoparticles

The reusability of the co-immobilized laccase and TEMPO onto Fe3O4 nanoparticles was also investigated (Fig. 7). As the number of repeated cycles increased, the decolorization rate of acid fuchsin by the co-immobilized laccase and TEMPO decreased gradually. It is probable that the immobilized laccase and TEMPO fell off the nanoparticles or that a proportion of the laccase molecules was inactivated during the cycling process. After the particles were used eight times repeatedly, the co-immobilized nanoparticles retained above 50% residual activity.

Fig. 7
figure 7

Reusability of the co-immobilized laccase and TEMPO. The co-immobilized nanoparticles retained above 50% residual activity after 8 cycles of operation

Full size image

Conclusions

In summary, amino-functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were prepared successfully by modifying magnetic nanoparticles to carry abundant amine groups on their surfaces. Laccase and 4-amino-TEMPO were co-immobilized onto the amino-functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and used to decolorize acid fuchsin. The catalytic current of Fe3O4/PVA/Lac–TEMPO GC electrode is larger than Fe3O4/PVA/Lac GC electrode, which indicated that TEMPO was successfully immobilized onto carriers. When the ratio of TEMPO to laccase was 0.3 mM/g:120 U/g on the co-immobilized laccase and TEMPO nanoparticles, the maximum decolorization rate of acid fuchsin was 77.41%. Additionally, the co-immobilized nanoparticles retained above 50% residual activity after eight cycles of operation. This study offers a feasible approach to establish a co-immobilized laccase and mediator system, which could be useful in industrial applications.

Abbreviations

TEMPO:

2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl

FTIR:

Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy

XRD:

X-ray diffraction

VSM:

vibrating sample magnetometer

LMS:

laccase mediator system

ABTS:

2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid

HBT:

1-hydroxybenzo-triazole

PVA:

polyvinyl alcohol

APTES:

3-amino-propyltriethoxysilane

GC:

glassy carbon

References

  1. Alba MD, Luan Z, Klinowski J (1996) Titanosilicate mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41: synthesis and characterization. J Phys Chem 100:2178–2182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Ansari SA, Husain Q (2012) Potential applications of enzymes immobilized on/in nano materials: a review. Biotechnol Adv 30:512–523

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Ba S, Kumar VV (2017) Recent developments in the use of tyrosinase and laccase in environmental applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 37:819–832

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Ba S, Arsenault A, Hassani T, Jones JP, Cabana H (2013) Laccase immobilization and insolubilization: from fundamentals to applications for the elimination of emerging contaminants in wastewater treatment. Crit Rev Biotechnol 33:404–418

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bourbonnais R, Leech D, Paice MG (1998) Electrochemical analysis of the interactions of laccase mediators with lignin model compounds. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 1379:381–390

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Can K, Ozmen M, Ersoz M (2009) Immobilization of albumin on aminosilane modified superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles and its characterization. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 71:154–159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Chao C, Zhao YF, Guan HJ, Liu GX, Hu ZG, Zhang B (2017) Improved performance of immobilized laccase on poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) functionalized halloysite for 2,4-dichlorophenol degradation. Environ Eng Sci 34:762–770

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Claus H, Faber G, König H (2002) Redox-mediated decolorization of synthetic dyes by fungal laccases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 59:672–678

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Fernández-Fernández M, Sanromán MÁ, Moldes D (2013) Recent developments and applications of immobilized laccase. Biotechnol Adv 31:1808–1825

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Hu B, Pan J, Yu H-L, Liu J-W, Xu J-H (2009) Immobilization of Serratia marcescens lipase onto amino-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for repeated use in enzymatic synthesis of Diltiazem intermediate. Process Biochem 44:1019–1024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hu T-G, Cheng J-H, Zhang B-B, Lou W-Y, Zong M-H (2015) Immobilization of alkaline protease on amino-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles and its efficient use for preparation of oat polypeptides. Ind Eng Chem Res 54:4689–4698

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Huang Y, Xi Y, Yang Y, Chen C, Yuan H, Liu X (2014) Degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol catalyzed by the immobilized laccase with the carrier of Fe3O4@MSS–NH2. Chin Sci Bull 59:509–520

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Jeon J-R, Chang Y-S (2013) Laccase-mediated oxidation of small organics: bifunctional roles for versatile applications. Trends Biotechnol 31:335–341

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Kudanga T, Le Roes-Hill M (2014) Laccase applications in biofuels production: current status and future prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98:6525–6542

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Lü C, Cui Z, Guan C, Guan J, Yang B, Shen J (2003) Research on preparation, structure and properties of TiO2/polythiourethane hybrid optical films with high refractive index. Macromol Mater Eng 288:717–723

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Machado A, Casimiro MH, Ferreira LM, Castanheiro JE, Ramos AM, Fonseca IM, Vital J (2015) New method for the immobilization of nitroxyl radical on mesoporous silica. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 203:63–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Mate DM, Alcalde M (2015) Laccase engineering: from rational design to directed evolution. Biotechnol Adv 33:25–40

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Mate DM, Alcalde M (2017) Laccase: a multi-purpose biocatalyst at the forefront of biotechnology. Microb Biotechnol 10:1457–1467

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Mirzadeh S-S, Khezri S-M, Rezaei S, Forootanfar H, Mahvi AH, Faramarzi MA (2014) Decolorization of two synthetic dyes using the purified laccase of Paraconiothyrium variabile immobilized on porous silica beads. J Environ Health Sci Eng 12:6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Mogharabi M, Faramarzi MA (2014) Laccase and laccase-mediated systems in the synthesis of organic compounds. Adv Synth Catal 356:897–927

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Peng ZG, Hidajat K, Uddin MS (2004) Adsorption of bovine serum albumin on nanosized magnetic particles. J Colloid Interface Sci 271:277–283

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ren Y, Rivera JG, He L, Kulkarni H, Lee D-K, Messersmith PB (2011) Facile, high efficiency immobilization of lipase enzyme on magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles via a biomimetic coating. BMC Biotechnol 11:63

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Reza RT, Martínez Pérez CA, Martínez AM, Baques DB, García-Casillas PE (2010) Study of the particle size effect on the magnetic separation of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Sens Lett 8:476–481

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Riva S (2006) Laccases: blue enzymes for green chemistry. Trends Biotechnol 24:219–226

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Rocktotpal K, Niranjan K, Sudhir Kumar R, Ashis Kumar M (2009) Polymer-assisted iron oxide magnetic nanoparticle immobilized keratinase. Nanotechnology 20:225107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Su J, Fu JJ, Wang Q, Silva C, Cavaco-Paulo A (2018) Laccase: a green catalyst for the biosynthesis of poly-phenols. Crit Rev Biotechnol 38:294–307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Torres-Salas P, del Monte-Martinez A, Cutino-Avila B, Rodriguez-Colinas B, Alcalde M, Ballesteros AO, Plou FJ (2011) Immobilized biocatalysts: novel approaches and tools for binding enzymes to supports. Adv Mater 23:5275–5282

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Tucker-Schwartz AK, Garrell RL (2010) Simple preparation and application of TEMPO-coated Fe3O4 superparamagnetic nanoparticles for selective oxidation of alcohols. Chem Eur J 16:12718–12726

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Wei F, Zigang W, Yu L, Yiyu F, Xiaoyan Y (2008) The fabrication and electrochemical properties of electrospun nanofibers of a multiwalled carbon nanotube grafted by chitosan. Nanotechnology 19:105707

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Xin B-J, Si S-F, Xing G-W (2010) Protease immobilization on γ-Fe2O3/Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles for the synthesis of oligopeptides in organic solvents. Chem Asian J 5:1389–1394

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Yamaura M, Camilo RL, Sampaio LC, Macêdo MA, Nakamura M, Toma HE (2004) Preparation and characterization of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane-coated magnetite nanoparticles. J Magn Magn Mater 279:210–217

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Zhao Y-D, Zhang W-D, Chen H, Luo Q-M, Li SFY (2002) Direct electrochemistry of horseradish peroxidase at carbon nanotube powder microelectrode. Sens Actuators B Chem 87:168–172

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Zheng X, Wang Q, Jiang Y, Gao J (2012) Biomimetic synthesis of magnetic composite particles for laccase immobilization. Ind Eng Chem Res 51:10140–10146

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors’ contributions

HJ and PW designed the experiments, ZG and YY conducted most of the experiments, JZ analyzed the data, YX and XY wrote the manuscript, MJ, FC and HZ provided advices on the experimental design and language. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets supporting the conclusions of this article are included in the main manuscript.

Consent for publication

The authors approved the consent for publishing the manuscript.

Ethics approval and consent participate

The authors have read and agreed the ethics for publishing the manuscript.

Funding

This research was financially supported by NSFC (21406114 and 20906048), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China (14KJB530002), the Science Foundation for Postdoctoral Research from Jiangsu Province of China (1401009A), the Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Bio-Manufacture, PCSIRT (IRT_14R28), and PAPD.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Zhen Gao and Yunfei Yi contributed equally to this work

Affiliations

  1. College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, No. 30 South Puzhu Road, Pukou District, Nanjing, 211800, China

    Zhen Gao, Jia Zhao, Yongyang Xia, Min Jiang, Fei Cao, Hua Zhou, Ping Wei, Honghua Jia & Xiaoyu Yong

  2. College of Pharmacy, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800, China

    Yunfei Yi

Authors
  1. Zhen Gao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Yunfei Yi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jia Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yongyang Xia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Min Jiang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Fei Cao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Hua Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Ping Wei
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Honghua Jia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Xiaoyu Yong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Honghua Jia.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gao, Z., Yi, Y., Zhao, J. et al. Co-immobilization of laccase and TEMPO onto amino-functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and its application in acid fuchsin decolorization. Bioresour. Bioprocess. 5, 27 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-018-0215-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-018-0215-7

Keywords

  • Amino-functionalized magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles
  • Co-immobilization
  • Laccase
  • TEMPO
  • Decolorization